The background to the region Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The foundation to the district - Assignment Example With a region if 17,840,000square kilometers it is the home of around 385,742,554 individuals and a proportionately snarling economy. South America is additionally separated into twelve locales for twelve unique nations. These nations incorporate Sao Paulo, Bueno Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Bogota, Lima, Santiago, Belo Horizonte, Caracas and Porto Alegre. There is additionally a wide scope of social and demographical contrasts saw in the territory since it houses individuals having a place from all Europe, Asia and Africa. The ordinarily communicated in dialects are anyway Portuguese and Spanish. The decent variety in its way of life gets it genealogy from the distinctions in populace. For instance South America is home to the biggest African clans. Close affinities or individuals from their zone if inception carries shifted social assorted variety to the zone. Various individuals with various perspectives for redesign and development have caused to a great extent separated changes in the land mass with the most unmistakable being deforestation and unreasonable yield manor. This harvest estate is treated with changed and a lot of synthetic substances and may present danger to the general protection of natural condition. Alongside causing genuine dangerous conditions, for example, desertification, squanderer logging and water contamination as the synthetic compounds saturates underground wellsprings of water or should store legitimately into the center points of seas and oceans. Accordingly water contamination and illnesses will be unavoidable. Numerous wellsprings of contamin ation like synthetic plants, coal enterprises, radiations and metallic conductivity. In addition to the fact that it is a wellbeing peril a populace risk. Individuals avoid places that don't ensure fitting life supporting techniques. The Catch 22 of an advanced society is drinking crude water from the forested areas is hazardous however the faucet water is protected, the individuals are either under the impression or compelled to accept by custom that city water is sheltered to drink, that it is perfect. Over 70% of individuals know

How to Write a COMPARE AND CONNECT Essay For College

How to Write a COMPARE AND CONNECT Essay For CollegeA COMPARE AND CONNECT essay is a very important part of any high school and college course. Students need to be able to show their knowledge, experience, skills, and insights, in order to demonstrate their abilities. In fact, the objective of such an essay is to get as much information out of the reader as possible, which can help a student gain experience and knowledge about the subject they are covering. Even if a student doesn't feel like they have enough, they should still take the time to compare and contrast because that will ensure the student has the knowledge needed to be successful in the course.If you are planning on entering college you may be nervous about the prospect. However, there are a few things you can do to make the transition as smooth as possible. There are several ways to approach your college course, and all of them involve some comparison and contrast between college and high school.The first thing you shou ld do is analyze your student's needs and wants. Do they know what they want? Do they know what they need?Let's say a student wants to attend college for a variety of reasons. Perhaps they will earn more money or receive an excellent education, or they want to travel to another country. Some students like a variety of subjects, while others want to focus on one or two. That will depend on the student, but make sure that you identify their needs before you try to create a college course.A student may also like the idea of receiving a better education, or they may not have a lot of time to dedicate to the courses in high school. Therefore, this choice will be based on their preferences. Of course, everyone likes something different, so you need to keep this in mind as you are creating your class. Before you move forward with the course you need to figure out what kind of education you want. Will you be taking general education classes? Is this going to be the only opportunity you have to pursue a higher education? What is your major? All of these things will help you figure out how you want to go about it.When you are preparing for a COMPARE AND CONNECT essay, make sure that you are willing to adapt and respond to the ideas presented by the student. You should be able to ask questions to the student. You should be able to give them feedback. You should be able to give them feedback that helps them develop their own knowledge. Therefore, you should take the time to be a good student, and a good student means you should be willing to think out of the box.Make sure that you are prepared for college, but be sure that you are prepared for your subject as well. You don't want to be struggling in college if you were already struggling in high school. It is important to learn all the different things you can about what you are taking about, so that you can be the best possible student you can be.

Program Assistant Introduction Steven Reid MIA 20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Program Assistant Introduction Steven Reid MIA 20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Steven Reid was born and raised in the Bronx, New York. He is a second-year Master of International Affairs student concentrating in International Finance and Economic Policy and specializing in Data Analytics and Quantitative Analysis. After graduating from Villanova University with a Bachelors degree in Political Science and Latin American Studies, he worked in government and higher education budgeting and finance in Boston, Massachusetts. What has been the most challenging part of your SIPA experience? The constant flow of activity and the time management. There is always something going around campus/assignments due/a speaker you want to see. It took some practice in the beginning of first semester before I got the hang of getting my work done, enjoying all there is to offer on campus and being social with my SIPA classmates. Another challenging aspect of SIPA has been understanding the need to say no sometimes. It is stressful and demanding to attend all the events you want to go to, do your assignments and be social, so sometimes its important to say no to certain things. Prioritize and take time for yourself. What has been the best part of your SIPA experience? Definitely the people. The demanding nature of SIPA brings people together very quickly. There is a lot of group work in SIPA so the connections you make are very important. I have met some of the coolest people in my life here, and I have gotten very close to them in only a year. The community here is a huge mental resource for me when I feel overwhelmed. What surprised you most about SIPA after you arrived? The speed of graduate school. Everything happens much faster than undergraduate. I had been out of school for 5 years before I came to SIPA, so the learning curve for graduate school was steep. Assignments are handed out quickly after class begins and the semester becomes a whirlwind of papers, memos, problem sets and other assignments. The months fly by. At the end of the semester, I was surprised at how much work I had done in three months. How did you find the core curriculum at SIPA? Its intense. It is a lot of quant-heavy coursework. For the person who has not dealt with a lot of quant and economics courses before, it can be daunting. But the professors and TAs provide a lot of support.   I knew that quant and econ were going to take up a lot of my time the first semester, so I focused most on those two classes. I was lucky that my prior experience to SIPA dealt with a lot of math and econ, so I was already kind of comfortable with those topics. What advice do you have for current applicants? Dont worry about trying to be the perfect student profile for SIPA. SIPA is very interested in individuals who have unique stories and histories. Just tell your story. Spend a lot of time on your application as well. SIPA wants to get to know who you are, so the more time you put into your application, the more detail you can give and the better picture SIPA has of you. What was the most challenging aspect of the application process? The GRE. I didnt have the best GRE scores so I thought that I definitely was not getting accepted into SIPA, but lo and behold, I did. Test scores are just one part of the application, so do not worry too much if you didnt do the best on them. Did you have a lot of quantitative experience when you applied to SIPA? How did you perform in  those classes? I had taken economics courses during undergrad   so I had some understanding of what we were going to be studying. I had some level of comfort with quantitative subject matter having had worked in the budgeting and finance fields. Even with my experience, the classes were still tough. But I studied hard, asked for help from my professors and TAs and did fine in the quantitative courses.

Bebbington on Evangelicalism - 1266 Words

In the late 1980s, David Bebbington attempted to define what it meant to be an evangelical in America. He came up with a four part definition. The definition has four criteria and they are: biblicism, conversionism, crucicentrism, and activism. He wished to find a definition that would show what unified different evangelical movements and denominations during his time. Bebbingtons definition can also be applied to modern or historic denominations and movements. Bebbingtons definition should fit with any church that defines itself as evangelical, but what about a modern non-denominational bible church meets that definition? Also what does Bebbingtons definition say about the pre-bible belt Baptist movement in colonial America? If both a modern non-denominational bible church and a pre-bible belt baptist movement meet the definition set forth by Bebbington, then they should have some meaningful connection. However, that connection between a â€Å"evangelical† church and a  "evangelical† movement is not so clear. Bebbingtons four part definition is too wide and accepting to different interpretation to be called meaningful. Each part of his definition needs to be explained and evaluated to see if any meaningful connection between a bible church and the Baptist movement of early souther America have have any meaningful connection under Bebbingtons definition of evangelical. Bebbingtons definition has four parts. The first part is biblicism. Biblicism is a term which meansShow MoreRelatedBiography of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury1289 Words   |  5 Pagesthe subject†¦The Evangelical thus had no need of an intellectual approach to religion, nor of any priestly interposition between him and God: he regarded both, indeed, with acute mistrust. (Finlayson 49-50). From this standpoint, Shaftesburys Evangelicalism seems to come from both a reaction to the prevailing ineffectiveness of Christianity in the early nineteenth century in dealing with social problems, as well as the complexities of British state involvement in sectarian religious discrimination

Unknown Facts About Outline Paper Example

Unknown Facts About Outline Paper Example An individual would need a great deal of sample for a guide to compose a research proposal. Each research paper comprises introduction and conclusion, but they aren't reflected inside this outline sample. The absolute most reputable sources are almost always primary, however, there may also be lots of credible data in the secondary sources. Regardless of what research paper outline you're considering, you will want to think about just how your research is going to be backed up. A perfect instance of an outline is a fantastic plan that is presented in a research paper. It need not be an exact map, only a rough guide to tell you where you've been, and where you are going. It serves as a plan an individual creates to organize his thoughts and arguments regarding a paper. A well-made outline is critical in locating substantial info and keeping track of large quantities of information from a research paper. An outline is intended to help you set a structure for a paper you are likely to write. Possessing a Research proposal outline example provides the crucial boost to the success of the paper. There are various methods and unique approaches to compose a thesis statement. It is not a statement of fact. You might also see chapter outline. If more subheadings are required, than you might want to think about combining some of your topics so that there are very few subheadings. You can also see resume outline. Outlines can also function as a brainstorming tool that can provide you a notion of what things to write about. An outline is going to be a reminder for you to include all the crucial subtleties in it. Essay outline functions as a spine for writing essays. Try and have various distinct entries, and therefore you don't get bored. Below are 3 distinct patterns that it is possible to consider. Research paper outline examples can be readily found over the web. Additionally, among the vital purposes of an outline is to clearly convey the link between the thesis and every one of the topic sentences. Also, outlines should have several headings. Further revise the sentence to cover the reach of your essay and create a strong statement. Using Outline Paper Example Most academic essay topics usually ask you to select a side in an argument or maybe to defend a specific side against criticism. The best type of essay starts with the very best type of topic, so take time to choose something which works for you. With essay outline, essays will avoid writer to get off topic or jumping from 1 argument to a different argument that doesn't relate with what it is you're discussing. No wonder it's as essential as writing the essay itself. There are lots of rules that help you to develop your writing plan. On the flip side, there isn't anything wrong with getting assistance from a fantastic consultant on the right outline format. An outline can help you organize your primary thoughts and determine the order in which you're likely to write about them. To put it in simpler terms, it is very much dependent on the topic and the sort of question you are asked to respond about. Then there's also the exec bit that must be set in order to earn the shell execute that file, either a binary or a script. Whether it be once every day or once each week, create a schedule that you may adhere to. You might also see speech outline. You could also see biography outline. Essay outline for college plays an important role. Research papers are almost always exciting to read. Essay outlines shows you that even if you're not an expert writer, it is still possible to make a great essay. Making an essay isn't an easy job.

Busienss Coach Free Essays

string(138) " two emotions or channels of energy go hand in hand like the critical chemicals without which the desired reaction would not be possible\." Advance course on Logotherapy Logotask 1 (as specified in tutorial letter 103/2012) Name: Wessels, Nicolaas Johannes Student no: 7294-232-0 Course code: LOGO 01-8 Academic Qualifications: B Comm (Marketing) UP; B Comm (Marketing) (Hons) Unisa; MBL Unisa Occupation: Business Leadership Coach Postal address: PO Box 786411, Sandton, 2146 Tel: 011 783 4155 (H); 011 253 9919 (O); 082 554 4614 (M) e-mail: klasie@streetschool. co. za â€Å"As much as it was a point of utter determination, it was also a point of surrender†. We will write a custom essay sample on Busienss Coach or any similar topic only for you Order Now By reading Teria’s story one could also say that â€Å"it was a moment of truth†. She seemed to have reached new levels of self awareness and consciousness about what her life was like up to that point and what could be from there on. What we see here is a defining moment, a moment of truth and a moment of decisiveness. To take action and turn the focus on what is and what could be, not on what was. By all accounts she has reached a level of self awareness to such an extent that she could transcend herself and connect to her spiritual dimension where a discovery was made of life changing proportions. We have here a very good example of how tension had played a role in directing someone towards her values and what is important to her. By transcending herself, Teria not only moved away from a needs driven focus on the past, she moved to a values directed focus on the future and all the possibilities it holds. â€Å"I was somehow missing to fully live my present life with an eye on the future that was â€Å"waiting† to be reached out to. My life seemed to lack vision – a dream to realize or ideals to be inspired by† (Shantall 2002: 13). The tension which brought on this state of realization is a health one. Without this meaning will not be found. â€Å"A sound amount of tension, such as that tension which is aroused by a meaning to fulfill, is inherent in being human and is indispensible for mental well-being† (Frankl 1998: 48). By recognizing her own power to self transcend, Teria reached the â€Å"highest stage in human development† (Lucas 1998:34). In this turning point, three catalysts are particularly interesting. Firstly the death of her father presented not only the shock of losing a loved one, it also served as a stark reminder of the transitoriness of life. And how wasteful lost opportunities are. Sometimes this awareness of how life’s opportunities are passing us by comes easier with older people who have experienced the full granaries of life. With others the urgency to live life fully may need to be awakened by techniques such as the Socratic dialogue. Teria was aching for something different and experiencing the effects of an awakened consciousness prompting her towards action. As Frankl puts it â€Å"Thus, the transitoriness of our existence in no way makes it meaningless. But it does constitute our responsibleness; for everything hinges upon our realizing the essentially transitory possibilities†. Frankl 2004:124). Teria wanted more from life, more vision, more meaning and more significance. This moment in her life, this point of surrender suggests an awareness that now is the time to make a decision. And the application of transitoriness as a Logotherapeutic tool is testimony to Frankl’s observation â€Å"Logotherapy, keeping in mind the essential transitoriness of human existence, is not pessimistic but rather optimistic† (Frankl 2004:124). The second catalyst was the diary her father left her. It served as a powerful metaphor and last challenge from him to live life powerfully with authenticity. I felt that he expected me to fill up the yet empty pages of that diary with the events of my life that I would now undertake to life fully and with care† (Shantall 2002:14). Her will to meaning was triggered and she was challenged to be creative with her life and treat it with a responsibility becoming of her. With this diary her father created a healthy tension between Teria and life, asking her to take up a commission to run her race. She was reminded of her own freedom of will by the blank pages staring at her. Freedom of will is one of the three fundamental tenet on which Logotherapy is built â€Å"Logotherapy’s concept of man is based on three pillars, the freedom of will, the will to menaing and the meaning of life†. (Frankl 1988:16). The diary played the role of visible canvass against which she could transcend and surrender the old and connect to a point beyond herself. The third catalyst was the physical distance between her and the rest of the family. By being far away, alone and not able to pay last respects, Teria was forced to deal with this traumatic incident herself and find her own defiant power to awaken her will to meaning. With no distraction or consolation she had to dig for courage to process the full implications of this experience. With this third catalyst she was put alone before life as if to be asked two questions: what are you going to give life and what is life asking from you? â€Å"This experience of a breakthrough of meaning in my own suffering, with the added feeling of greater sense of responsibility as I came to see my life as a gift which I could either use or abuse† (Shantall 2002:15). The morning after the death of her father, Teria experienced heightened levels of appreciation for what was important to her, what was possible and what was meaningful to her at that stage. The two dominant emotions presented to us in her quote: determination and surrender are also of interest. Determined to find some defined destination worth living for, she connected to her defiant power to overcome and knew that nothing else but a strong, clear, meaningful life would do. And by surrendering the old and the meaningless, she made way for new meaning to be discovered. Clearing the past and transcending onto a new level of possibilities. These two emotions or channels of energy go hand in hand like the critical chemicals without which the desired reaction would not be possible. You read "Busienss Coach" in category "Essay examples" Without determination, surrender could have been left alone to sulk and doubt. Without surrender, determination could have been a relentless energy with no direction, possible of destruction. Giving up on her self-centered way of living, she may also have given up on a hyper reflective ways of thinking. My own psychodynamics, which I have explored during my years of psychoanalysis began to fade in importance or, most surprisingly began to take on a refreshingly new and deeper meaning† (Shantall 2002: 14). With a state of hyper-reflection and hyper-intention, fulfillment and happiness will elude. She may also have been surrendering to faith that happiness and fulfillment will ensue â€Å"Attaining a goal constitute a reason to be happy. In other words, if there is a reason for happiness, happiness ensues, automatically and spontaneously, as it were. And that is why one need not pursue happiness, one need not care for it once there is a reason for it. But, even more, one cannot pursue it† (Frankl 1998:34). Aching for something more, something worthwhile, she transformed and became inspired to be present, take up the challenge and recognize her scope of free choice. I would contest that her life up to this point has not been wasted. True to the duality which life presents so frequently to us, her new sense of highs would not have been reached had it been for her perceived sense of lows. The discovery of a new powerful meaningful life is like the discovery of a secret garden in a fairy tale. Often it is protected by an angry dragon and we are tested by life on how badly do we want to be more, and live significantly. This experience in Teria’s life was clearly a turning point away from the meaningless, a new beginning of something profoundly powerful and a courageous change in direction. What is meaning all about? â€Å"Existence is not only intentional but also transcendent. Self transcendence is the essence of existence† (Frankl 1998:50). And what is there to live for if living is un-intentional and just for one self alone? In order to get a grasp on meaning, one could look at the various facets and characteristics it constitutes, yet even after having done so, it may still elude full comprehension. Meaning first and foremost has to be experienced. And it is something to be experienced personally. It is not something which could be passed on, taught or transferred. It may be illuminated or hinted at but is uniquely personal in its experiencing. â€Å"Meaning is relative in that it is related to a specific person who is entangled is a specific situation. One could say that meaning differs from man to man and from second from day to day, indeed from hour to hour† (Frankl 1998:54). On the question â€Å"what is meant by meaning? †, Frankl comments that â€Å"it is absolutely down to earth inasmuch as it refers to that which a concrete situation means to a concrete person† (Frankl 1998:140). Whereas meaning may be hard to define conceptually, it is simple and clearly visible in its experiences. We will recognize meaning when we find it! And paradoxically â€Å"the more comprehensive the meaning, the less comprehensible it is†. (Frankl 2000:136). Semantically, meaning is both verb and noun. It is alive and reveals itself though action and activity. And it is discovered like a treasure hidden waiting for the right time and the right person to appear. Although we cannot observe it in itself like a concrete object, we can observe the powers it has on a subject. And it can appear at any time in any situation. â€Å"The perception of meaning as I see it, could be defined suddenly becoming aware of a possibility against a background of reality† (Frankl 1998: 140). Our inherent desire to find meaning is the most powerful energy we posses. In Nietzsche’s words, â€Å"He who has a Why to live for can bear almost any How† (Frankl 2004:7). Without a reason to live for or to move towards, life will be empty and fragile. Meaning gives us the power to move forward and this will to meaning is one of the three pillars on which Logotherapy is built (Frankl 1988:16). Our will to meaning is expressed in a space of freedom to pursue whatever is meaningful to the individual. We are not free from, but free to do what is meaningful. â€Å"Man’s freedom is no freedom from conditions but rather a freedom to take a stand on whatever conditions might confront him† (Frankl 1998:16). We are constantly challenged by life to make it meaningful and called on our courage to do so. This strongly suggests there is a responsibility attached to meaning. A responsibility to live authentically and courageously – to do the right thing. This is emphasized by an Logotherapeatic imperative: â€Å"live as if you were living already for the second time and as if you had acted the first time as you are about to act now† (Frankl 2004:114). Our lives are not something beyond our control – whereas we cannot control what happens to us, we can certainly control how we behave or respond. And it is here where our biggest responsibility presents itself. To act the right way, befitting of how we could be potentially. Living in a dimension of meaning means to live responsibly according to our governing values and conscious awareness. By connecting to our consciousness we will identify for ourselves what the right action is and there is ever only one right action. And conscience is essentially intuitive (Frankl 2000:40) and the only means for grasping the meaning of any moment. To quote Graber: â€Å"The human experience calls for an ability to make independent decisions at each moment in life. To live responsibly calls for listening to the thousands of commandments arising from the thousands of unique situations of which life consists. It is the intuitive conscience that guides us in the moment by moment experiences of life. It gives voice to the available resources of the spirit within† (Graber 2004:79). Consciousness and creativity are the most important facilitators to find meaning. It is in our noetic realm where we connect to our consciousness and a deeper desire to do the right thing. Paradoxically, by experiencing meaning we connect to our spiritual consciousness. In terms of Frankl’s dimensional ontology, our noetic dimension is what makes us human. And it is in this dimension where we have the faculty to identify meaning. â€Å"Freedom of choice, intentionality, creative and artistic interest, religious encounters, ethical sensitivity, conscience, understanding of values and love, the capacity to be awed by experiences, intuition and inspiration and the search for meaning are at home† (Graber: 2004:71). This is not to suggest that meaning is found inside ourselves. Our conscious is where meaning is interpreted. Meaning is found outside ourselves by connecting to something greater or beyond. By this statement I am not suggesting it is very far away. It may be very close indeed, but beyond and outside nevertheless, discovered by self-transcendence as Frankl calls it (Frankl 2000:138). And it resides in the future like a magnet to which we are drawn, pulling us out of our self absorbed existence and connecting us to life. With no real meaning there is no real connection to life. Experiencing meaning presents itself as a paradox. According to Frankl: â€Å"The more meaning is experienced as a reality of our lives, the more exercised and refined is our faith in the reality of its existence and the broader is our experience and awareness of the deeper meanings of life†. We only know it when we know it! Meaning is found by having uniquely personal encounters with life. It could be by way of what we do creatively or give to the world; by what we get as an experience or take from life; or thirdly by the attitude we adopt towards what is presented to us. (Frankl 1988:70). Not only does meaning rewards us, it gives us strength it gives life sustained worth and defines our unique purpose. Whilst suggesting meaning is waiting to be discovered right in front of us in everyday life, one has to acknowledge that there may be a deeper meaning to life. Or as Frankl calls it â€Å"ultimate meaning† (Frankl 2000:143). This is meaning of the whole – of life as a whole or of our life as a whole. And the comprehension of this is beyond our mental faculties, which positions ultimate meaning in a realm inaccessible to reason or intellect (Frankl 2000:144). And as he puts it â€Å"but what is unknowable need not be unbelievable. In fact where knowledge gives up, the torch is passed on the faith† (Frankl 200:146). Or as Albert Einstain once said: â€Å"supra-meaning is no longer a matter of thinking but rather a matter of believing† (Ffankl 1998:145). To sum up, meaning is connected to purpose, to goals, a mission and linked to a cause beyond and outside ourselves. The key enabler to fining meaning is hidden in our conscious where we can awaken an element of tension and become aware of how things are now and how things could be. To attain meaning requires an open attitude and requires us to choose, to interact and engage with life. It shapes our life and makes everything worthwhile. In a logotherapeutic session, the following diagram could serve as a discussion guide: How meaningful life could be (what we do, experience of or the attitude we take) Indispensible noetic tension of what ought to be How things are now * Become aware of uniquely personal values, strengths, dreams, and existing characteristics of life. * Use these realities as guideposts towards what ought to be. What does meaning mean to me? Thinking about my own experience of meaning, I am aware of the many sources I have tapped into and could still tap into, in order to experience a more fulfilling and purposeful life. Within all the dimensions and facets of my life, meaning lurks. And by this I do not imply by any means that my life is ultimately fulfilling at the moment or that I have identified all the places and sources of finding meaning. It is rather a case of me having noticed the rays of meaning by what I did, experienced or by the stance I took in my journey through life up to now. It’s been said that if life’s purpose is to find your gift, your mission is to use it – and that makes life meaningful. I am aware happiness and sadness are emotions, and fulfillment is a state of being. Right and wrong are judgmental and when one operates from a higher level of consciousness, there is no judgment. And is in this higher level of being where I find my biggest growth and my most profound meaning. As Frankl states: â€Å"In no way are we justified in speaking of man as only a somatic-psychic whole. Body and psyche may form a unity- a psychophysical unity- but this unity does not yet represent the wholeness of man. Without the spiritual as its essential ground, this wholeness cannot exist† (Frankl 2000:34). If I have to highlight the most meaningful moments or areas of my life, it could be summarized in the meaning matrix below. Reflecting on my own dimensional ontology (Frankl 2000:34) my wholeness exist by recognizing all the dimension of my being. And I am aware of the meaning imbedded in fleeting moments and in longer passages of my life, on different levels. For me the most powerful awareness about meaning is the understanding of where it may be and how to look for it. I have found it in the seemingly most insignificant actions (by giving someone at work a spontaneous hug), and in epic sporting events like finishing 8 day cycle races where shear attitude and commitment got me to the finish line. My meaning matrix. Populating the realms of what makes me human according to Frankl’s dimensional ontology with the three principle ways to find meaning. (Frankl 1998:70). Where meaning is foundOntological dimension| What I do/give to life| What I get and experience from life| The attitude I take towards life| Noetic dimension| Acting out my values and setting examples. Being conscious of doing the right thing. Connecting to my consciousness and communicating with my soul. Behaving like it is my mission to make a difference (trying to! ). | Noticing synchronicities, finding peace though spiritual rituals of mediation and contemplation. Receiving feedback from life on the level of my soul. | Having faith in an ultimate meaning, trusting life to be unconditionally meaningful, knowing I have a unique purpose to fulfill no matter how challenging â€Å"this† moment may be. | Psychic dimension| Facilitating coaching conversations, mentoring and counseling people. Assisting people with their personal development and growth. Helping my family and loved ones wherever however I can. | Meaningful moments with wife, kids and friends – Relationships. Coaching mentoring someone and noticing the change in perception or awareness. Coaching mentoring at the school in Soweto. | Resigning myself to what will be and to whatever life challenges me with. Treating challenges and emotional stress as signposts for personal growth. | Somatic dimension| Doing sport and adventure activities with friends (triathlons, cycle rides/races, mountain climbs). Cooking. | Sharing the experiences of bicycle rides, triathlons and mountain climbs with friends. Enjoying a great cup of coffee. | Gritting it out when I suffer physically, reminding me extreme sport is â€Å"what I do† and what gives me energy. | Reflecting on the role of my conscience and my awareness of responsible action, I recognize the healthy tension of what I want to be/have/do, and what ought to be/have/do. This tension is what unlocks meaning and protects me against psychic rigor mortis as Frankl puts it. Finding the balance between responsibility and dependence on something other than ourselves bring into the conversation the concept of authenticity. And the extent to which decisions are based on personal, right choice rather than inclination (as Teria phrased it). By taking full responsibility and not be dependent or rely on what others may say or think, a state of independence and interdependence will be reached. This responsibility also includes acceptance of what happens to one and the attitude with which someone embraces the cards dealt by life. Striking a balance between what is right, authentic and responsible action for me, and what am I inclined to do given the external, dependency based conditioning of conformism and totalitarianism, has shown itself in a number of instances. Whereas I had perceived meaning in some parts of my life, it was greatly lacking in my work environment. I was reveling in my â€Å"extra mural† sporting activities, had a great circle of friends and enjoyed wonderful times with my family. Yet, my work life was becoming increasingly grey. In 2005, I found myself stuck in a very successful, well paying corporate job at a company that has been my professional home for 25 years. Amidst all the success and trappings of corporate life was the feeling of time and potential being wasted. I was increasingly getting g more irritable with people around me, intolerant and short tempered. I was in an existential vacuum (Frankl 2004:110), and the only meaning I had was my sport where I lived my passion out by focusing on training for endurance events rather than making an effort to attend to my business challenges and responsibilities. I was displaying the classic characteristics of the neurotic triad with behavior of aggression (impatience with people around me), depression (boredom and feeling stuck) and addiction (excessive training). (Graber 2004:124). Over a period of two years I contemplated my corporate life and finally reached the conclusion that my behavior at the time was not any different from that of a mercenary. I was not doing the job the company is paying me for to the fullest of my abilities neither was I free to express myself to my authentic calling. I was not living authentically and not according to my values and was becoming a cheat. â€Å"Man lives by ideals and values. Human existence is not authentic unless it is lived in terms of self-transcendence† (Frankl 1998:52). During this period my brother died of cancer at the relatively young age of 61 and my father passed away at the age of 93. The passing away of my father was in itself not a traumatic experience for me and by all accounts, not for him. As a Springbok track athlete he often referred to himself as â€Å"having run his last lap† and being ready to pass on. â€Å"For me the bell of the last lap has tolled. I am ready to die†, he often would tell me. Maybe the death of my brother and father in the space of this time reminded me of the transitoriness of life. I was becoming acutely aware of the wealth in health and how important it is to do what my heart was telling me. I was increasingly questioning myself on what am I still doing here in a crude rendition of a Socratic dialogue. Confronting myself with questions like: * What is the worst that could happen? * Is this it? * Although I am successful, where to from here? * What advice will some of my mentors give me? * What if I was to get terminally ill – will I regret not having made the decision to leave? * But the most powerful question was a promise I made myself about 20 years earlier in my life, when as a 16 year old school boy, I likened myself to David Livingstone, the explorer. And I was not living this dream! I too wanted to explore one day. And this dream was slipping away from me. During the month of December 2006, I made the decision to resign. The tension I felt was text book existential vacuum but I had no idea and very little understanding on how to deal with it. although I was thinking about resigning constantly I am not sure exactly what made me do it that time and at the moment I did. A financial bonus had some effect on the timing of my public announcement but the final internal trigger escapes me. All I recall is one day standing alone in an office looking at the blue sky outside and thinking â€Å"there’s a sun shining outside, but not in here where I am! maybe this realization was final confirmation for me to get off my backside and step into the sun. This dynamic tension I experienced at the time can be graphically illustrated as follows: Consequences and possible outcomes of in-authentic actions What I want or must (selfish desire, conformism or totalitarianism) Dynamic tension within my conscience to do the right thing. The voice of reaso n with me which will guide me towards meaning. Consequences and possible outcomes of authentic right action Where am I now What I ought (right action) Consequences of being responsible (and of being irresponsible) was particularly high on my agenda during this time. The consequences of staying in my current job felt to me like a bad compromise. I would have been untrue to myself, my company and my family by hanging around any longer. I felt torn between being responsible to a deep-felt desire to seek out a more purposeful life of meaning vs perpetuating lucrative mediocrity. Once the decision was taken and announced, I felt liberated, free and terribly alone. What I had to do here, is to look beyond my immediate circumstances to what might be. I had a dream and had to make some pretty uncomfortable decisions in order to get myself out of the headspace I was stuck in. Self transcendence, knowing that there is more waiting for me to be discovered covered my thinking. It was clear to me that the work has only just begun. As clear as I was that it’s time to go, as unclear was I on where to. It took me quite some time to get used to my new status as a free agent and many times felt anxious by my scope of free action. Too many choices and a deliberate action to seek out something new and meaningful lead me in many interesting directions – not all of them meaningful. Finally after almost 18 months of searching did I find a new rhythm and sense of energy. Like a snowball it gained momentum and with it, clarity of what I find meaningful as a vocation – helping people discover meaning in their own lives. My search for a new career had lead me to â€Å"adventure coaching† or what I would like to term â€Å"experiential logotherapy†. I have managed to manifest a ombination of two personal passions – physical adventure and helping people discover something unique about themselves best described by the personal development journeys to the slums of India and Everest Base Camp. This has become the signature pieces of my new career – taking people on adventurous journeys mixing physical experience with contemplating matters of the mind and connecting to a deeper self . The EBC journey will be the subject of my research workshop and I will present more detail on this experience later in the year. Teaching in a Delhi slum school – I took people on a personal development journey in October 2011. At the moment I apply myself in 4 areas: Corporate Talent Management (businesses in Sandton) , Individual counseling and coaching (various types of people), Adventure coaching (journeys to India and Nepal) and Empowerment coaching (coaching disadvantaged black school kids). My empowerment coaching initiative is worth a mention. I do this at a school in Dobsonville, Soweto and this came about as follows: In 2010 I decided to climb Aconcagua in South America – the highest mountain in the world outside the Himalayas. I had taken the decision to do this expedition on my own, but was looking for a cause that could benefit and hope to turn it into a fundraising campaign. A friend of mine was involved with a corporate social responsibility initiative called â€Å"one school at a time† and this fitted perfectly. He had identified Forte High school in Dobsonville as the first beneficiary of this CSI program and we turned my Aconcagua expedition into a fundraising campaign for the school. We managed to raise R530,000 through corporate contacts I had and the expedition was a huge success in financial terms. The climb itself was the hardest thing I’ve ever done and the lows I reached and internal change I experienced is food for another essay! Suffice to say I didn’t make it to the top as we were caught in a constant snow storm for 5 days at an altitude of 5,600m. Stuck for 5 days in a high altitude camp weakened us severely and when our food eventually ran out we pulled the plug and headed home. Some big logotherapy experiences! However, when I got back to SA I decided to do more at the school and offered to start group coaching conversations with some of the kids. Since then I have been working with groups of grade 10 and 11 kids facilitating structured conversations about whatever they choose to talk about – topics include confidence, fear, reaching dreams, relationships and doing picture dream boards. I am slowly working logotherapy into the conversations and the kids love it! Fundraising campaign in Johannesburg in October 2010 and carrying the flag on Aconcagua, South America (I’m on the right). In July this year, I will be taking a group of 15 high school kids to Dharamsala, India where the Dalai Lama lives, to â€Å"teach English to Tibetan monks†. This is part of their personal development program and aims to awaken gratitude, patience, understanding and strong sense of purpose with participants. We will go for 8 days and I am coordinating this journey directly with the office of the Tibetan People in Centurion. Responsibility is something I am acutely aware of. However, in the past couple of years I have become consciously aware of my responsibility to â€Å"be more† and not merely to â€Å"provide†. Life has so much to offer and if I can overcome my own self limiting beliefs and connect to my inner source of energy, I will be more. To make a difference and be of value are my governing intentions and I am constantly aware of the effort it takes to be authentic and responsible to the life that has been given to me. The opportunities and potentialities I encounter persistently remind me of what could be and pulls me towards living meaningfully. I am dependent on my own conscience and my faith in life, that meaning is all around me. I am also aware of the tasks and challenges life presents to me and believe that it is up to me to make it happen – not anyone else. Reference list: 1. Shantall, T 2002. Life’s meaning in the face of suffering. Testimonies of holocaust survivors. Hebrew University Magnes Press. ISBN 965-493-142-7. 2. Frankl, V E 1988. The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy. Expanded edition. First Meridian Printing. 3. Frankl, V E 2000. Man’s search for ultimate meaning. Perseus Publishing. ISBN-13: 978-0-7382-0354-6. 4. Graber, A V 2004. Victor Frankl’s Logotherapy: Method of Choice in Ecumenical Pastoral Psychotherapy. Wyndham Hall Press. ISBN 1-55605-364-9. 5. Lukas, E 1998. Logotherapy Textbook: Meaning centered Psychotherapy. Liberty Press. ISBN 0-9686496-1-0. How to cite Busienss Coach, Essay examples

Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay Example

Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay The competitors in this segment are Chinese made tractors and locally assembled tractors; however those are no match for Vandal even if those are cheaper as Vandal is geared towards hostile Indian conditions. The tractors in other segments have higher horse power- at least twice as costly as Vandal and half as fuel efficient. Vandal can also be used for other farming purposes like spraying pesticides, POT, Intercultural operation etc. And other non farming purposes Like transportation also. Average landholding in India being 1. 7 hectares and with 82% of farmers belonging o this category- this segments looked quite lucrative for a product like Vandal. Problem Definition The manufacturers were In dilemma whether to target Just the small and marginal farmer segment of the tractor market. Analysis Summary Advantages for a farmer in favor of buying a small tractor- Initial purchasing cost half of that of a big tractor, fuel consumption cost halved as well. Better than bullocks In cost a nd maintenance terms. Tractors are financed up to 90% through banks and at cheap rates even for marginal farmer. Government gives subsidy of ASK for mini tractor market segment. Its smaller wheel base and turning radius offers better invulnerability, accessible to all corners of the land. It can also De us technologically EAI Tort non-Tarring purposes Walt I Title or no molestations Against buying a small tractor- Tractors are not only used for agricultural purposes but also for rural transportation and hauling of agricultural produce to market. They also have a social significance in rural India- they are a symbol of power and masculinity. Custom work like renting out for generating some extra cash can be done only with larger tractors. Market Outlook The small and marginal farmer market segment has little competition with a huge potential demand. Market can be created given that credit availability is not a problem -banks are ready to finance up to 90% of the tractor cost to a farmer with as less as 3 acres of land. Government also has favorable policy for this sector- ASK of subsidy is give n from Government side to farmer per tractor. Another sector that can be looked at is horticulturalist market. Our Recommendation We recommend forming one marketing strategy to target small and marginal farmer segment and another marketing strategy for the other market segments. We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Small and marginal farmer market segment is price sensitive market segment- we have to market Vandal as cost effective product. We suggest launching Vandal in one geographical area and after getting the feedback expanding the operation in other geographical areas in phased manner. Support for our Recommendation Small and marginal farmers have different requirements than the larger farmer, they eve small landholding than the larger ones and keeping a big tractor is out of question for them. The small and marginal farmer segment is cost sensitive market and hence dealing Walt tins market segment we nave to KICK Tort long term galas Instead AT near term benefits- break even can happen only in 12th year, refer the break even calculation below. We are entering a new market segment and we dont have established distribution channel- we need to launch the product in one geographical area first and after getting the feedback from that customer group based on this feedback we have to improve on product, pricing, distribution and marketing etc and then launch in other geographical areas in phased manner.

buy custom HIV essay

buy custom HIV essay HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus as per the definition given by a medical center called UCSF. The virus is acquired through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner, from an infected mother to an unborn child, blood transfusion and during breastfeeding. The virus weakens the immune system of a person by destroying the CD4+T cells making a person the infected persons immune system weak. As the HIV viruses increase, the number of CD4+T cells in the body reduces from the normal 800-1200 cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) to as low as 50 CDA+T cells per cubic millimeter(mm3). The infections develop in different stages. One of the foundations dealing with HIV and AIDS called San Francisco has given the stages as follows. The first stage is the window stage or the primary stage which occur a few weeks after infection .The symptoms in this stage include fevers, night sweats and rashes on the skin. However, after a few weeks the persons body returns to its healthy state. If a person takes an HIV/AIDS test at this time the result might be faulty because the virus may have not established itself fully in the blood stream. It should be known however that such a person can still infect other people with the HIV virus .Later the symptoms may recur but the time may differ depending on the strength of the immune system of a person. he second stage which is the seroconversion stage occurs after the first six months after but differs with the capability of the immune system to fight diseases. At this stage the body starts reacting to the virus by producing antibodies .If one gets tested at this stage the results will not be correct. The third stage is the asymptomatic stage; the person still looks healthy but can infect other people if they have unprotected sexual intercourse. The virus continues to destroy the CD4+T cells weakening the immune system. The next stage is the symptomatic stage. At this stage of the infection, a person develops pneumonia, sores on the throat, mouth, anus and genitals, reddish, purplish brownish and pinkish batches on the skin, memory loss, depression, slight weight loss in women, tiredness, hair loss , recurring fever , extreme tiredness and profuse night sweats, diarrhea . This does not mean that each person infected develops the symptoms immediately; some may take up to twelve years to show these signs while some may develop earlier. As the HIV virus multiplies it continues weakening the body immune system of a person giving way to opportunistic diseases. The person becomes immune deficient or has now developed AIDS, which is a short form of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The body can no longer fight opportunistic diseases such as; bacteriial diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia and blood poisoning, the body cannot also fight diseases caused by protozoans like toxoplasmosis, fungal diseases like candidiasis, and penicilliosis and viral diseases like herpes simplex and herpes zoster which are more common in women than in men. These diseases develop at different times e, g malaria and pneumonia tuberculosis and herpes zoster occur in the early stages of the infection where else toxoplasmosis and PCP occur affecting major body organs. People with HIV/AIDS are prone to cancers like cervical cancer and Kaposis sarcoma and treatment using therapy to treat cancer is difficult as the ability of the lymphocyte to fight germs has been weakened by the virus. Children are also in high risk of getting infected with the opportunistic diseases such as those affecting older people, but are more affected by bacterial infections like ear infections, tonsillitis, stunted growth, and pink eyes. This is because the defense is lower compared to those of adults (HIV AND AIDS: Mayo clinic). When the CD4+T cells of a person are less than 200 per cubic millimeter then the person has full blown HIV virus and should seek medical help so that he/she can be examined by a doctor which include pregnancy tests for women. The person is then given antiretroviral medication and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Buy custom HIV essay

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve ever walked along a beach on a sunny day and dipped your toes in the water to cool them off after the hot sand, you’ve taken advantage of the specific heat of water. Despite how it may sound, specific heat doesn’t refer to the exact temperature of something. It’s a larger scientific concept that has to do with the energy it takes to heat a substance up. As you might have noticed from the example, not all substances warm up at the same rate- hence the different temperatures of the sand and water. Water’s specific heat is one of its most interesting characteristics. In this article, we’ll be covering what specific heat is, what equation you use to find specific heat, and why water’s specific heat is so high. The stove, pot, water, and steam all have different specific heats. What Is Specific Heat? Specific heat is a measure of heat capacity, or how much heat a material can store when changing temperature. A high heat capacity means that a substance can absorb a lot of heat before registering a change in temperature- think about how long it takes for a pot to get warm to the touch on the stove versus how long it takes the water inside to get warm. That means that water has a higher heat capacity- it can store more heat before changing in temperature. Specific heat refers to the exact amount of heat needed to make one unit of mass of a substance one degree warmer. Returning to our example, specific heat would identify exactly how much heat is required to make one unit of water, such as one cup, one degree warmer. Because heat is really a measure of energy transfer, it’s more accurate to say that specific heat is actually a statement of how much energy a substance can absorb before a one-degree change in temperature. Specific heat is typically measured in Joules and kilojoules per one gram of mass, with Celsius as a measure of temperature. Kilograms and Fahrenheit may be used, but it’s rarer. A substance’s specific heat can be affected by temperature and pressure, so specific heat is typically determined at constant temperature and pressure, typically 25 degrees Celsius. What Is the Equation for Specific Heat? The equation to calculate specific heat is: $$Q = s Ãâ€" m Ãâ€" ΔT$$ $Q$ represents the amount of heat, $s$ the specific heat (${\Joules}/{\gram *  °\Celsius}$), m the mass of the substance in grams, and $ΔT$ the observed change in temperature. Different kinds of water, such as seawater, may have different specific heat. What Is the Specific Heat of Water? Some substances heat up quickly, while other substances heat up slowly. Water is one of the latter- it has a high specific heat capacity because it requires more energy to raise the temperature. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4182 J/kg °C. Because water is such an important and common substance, we even have a special way to identify the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius- a Calorie. This is different from the kind of calorie we talk about in food. That kind of calorie is equivalent to 1,000 Calories, which is why food-related calories are also sometimes referred to as kilocalories, or kcals. The specific heat of water is quite a bit higher than many other common substances. For example, the specific heat of iron is 449 J/kg °C, sand is 830 J/kg °C, and oak timber is 2400 J/kg °C. That’s because water, comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, is electronegative. An electronegative atom is more likely to draw electrons to itself, because one side of the atom will have a partially positive charge and the other will have a partially negative charge. The opposite-charged sides are naturally drawn to one another, forming a weaker hydrogen bond. That’s why water is able to flow past itself, but also bond together- it’s constantly forming and breaking these bonds. These bonds are also why liquid water has a high specific heat. Any energy put toward heating water is split between breaking the bonds and heating the water. Because of this, it takes more energy to heat water than it does other substances. For example, if you’re at the beach on a sunny day, you’ll notice that the sand is often quite hot to walk on, but the water always feels cool, even in the shallows. That’s because sand has a lower specific heat capacity- it takes less energy to raise the temperature by one degree. Because water has a high heat capacity, it requires more energy to raise the temperature by one degree. The sun puts out a more or less constant rate of energy, which heats up sand more quickly and water more slowly. Sand has a much lower specific heat than water- that's why it gets hot so fast! Specific Heat Table If you’re not already familiar with Joules and Calories, these numbers might seem a little abstract. Take a look at this table to familiarize yourself with some common specific heats according to both Joules and Calories, and compare those to what you know of how these substances heat up! Material Specific Heat in J/kg °C Specific Heat in Cal/gram °C Gold 129 0.031 Air 1005 0.24 Leather 1500 0.36 Olive oil 1790 0.43 Paper 1336 0.32 Table Salt 880 0.21 Quartz Sand 830 0.19 Steel 490 0.12 Liquid Water 4182 1.00 Wood 1300 - 2400 0.41 What’s Next? If the specific heat of water has you all fired up about chemistry, AP chemistry may be for you! Check out this AP chemistry syllabus to learn more about what topics will be covered. Or maybe you're already in AP chemistry and you're looking for some tips and tricks for how to ace your exam. Check out this guide to the AP chemistry exam for everything you need to know! If you're not quite ready for the exam but you need a little extra boost in your AP chemistry course, this AP Chemistry study guide may be just what you're looking for.

Marketers and the child consumer Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Marketers and the child consumer - Thesis Example The paper tells that marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketers use advertising to inform, communicate, persuade, entertain, and sell to the viewer. Children have become attractive markets not only because they can influence their parents’ purchase decision but also because they have their own income through jobs or allowances from parents. Their immense purchasing power has tempted the marketers to exploit the situation. Besides, certain characteristics such as repetition, branded characters, celebrity endorsements, and interesting production features enhance the importance of television as a medium. Advertisers use stealth marketing techniques and have started embedding or placing the product in movies or TV shows. They also use advergames where the tweens feel the flow of information. The fast food restaurants entice the vulnerable minds with the promise of a toy on their visit. Advertisers have also exploited the school arena to reach out to the children. Advertisements can be found on report cards, on school book covers, on school buses and the intention is to demonstrate their commitment to academic excellence. While there are debates and studies on how food advertising has led to increased incidences of obesity in tweens, there is no conclusive study to confirm this. However, advertising for children has certainly enhanced consumerism and the children feel they can decide what they want and when they want. Suddenly the children feel grown up and want to look and feel older. This may not be a positive impact as the childish innocence is lost a very early age. The study concludes the materialism and consumerism should not be promoted through advertisements directed at tweens. The appropriate marketing technique should contain relevant and important information about the product, its benefits and the potential adverse impact. Recommendations for further studies were made and limitations highlighted. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and objectives 3 1.4 Structure of the study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 Chapter II Literature review 2.1 Chapter overview 6 2.2 Definition of tweens 6 2.3 The child consumer 7 2.4 Media used for marketing to children 10 2.5 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 13 2.6 Impact of advertisements on children 15 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 17 3.2 Research Philosophy 17 3.3 Purpose of the research and phenomenon 17 3.4 Epistemology 17 3. 5 Research Strategy 19 3.6 Data collection 19 3.7 Justification for secondary data 20 3.8 Data analysis 20 3.9 Limitations 20 Chapter IV Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 21 4.2 Cause of changes in tweens’ consumer behavior 21 4.3 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 22 4.4 Impact of advertising and marketing 26 4.5 Television as the most important medium 29 4.6 Discussions 29 Chapter V Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Recommendations 33 References 34 Tables & Figures Table 2.1 Media Channels that reach the tweens 11 Table 2.2 Media use by Tweens 12 Figure 4.1 Tweens shopping without parents 22 Figure 4.2 Pleasure & Fun 23 Figure 4.3 Excitement and surprise 26 Figure 4.4 Lollipop as a â€Å"popping candy† 26 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketing campaigns have three-fold purpose –

Religion in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion in Society - Essay Example It is important to note however, that the sociology of religion should not be confused with the philosophy of religion as the latter does not look into the claims of religious beliefs. Since not all religions are the same, one will always find religion in some way, shape, or form even in the most primitive of human societies. It is become of these various forms of religion that sociologists have recognized the need to study its relation to the development of our society in general (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†). Therefore when one speaks of the study of the sociology of religion, he means the study of the religion as a belief and social institution. The study of religion in relation to our society is quite important because religion is not merely an individualized belief system, it is one of the oldest standing social institutions around. It is a method that helps shapes the society that we live in by offering a specific social pattern for those with the same beliefs to follow. The reason that these people follow specific teachings and learning from the religion is because religion seeks to answer some questions that man has about his existence and his role in society. It is this gray area of religion that has sociologists asking questions about it. Questions such as (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†): How are religious beliefs and factors related to other social factors like race, age, gender, and education? How are religious institutions organized? How does religion affect social change? What influence does religion have on other social institutions, such as political or educational institutions? By understanding how religion has a direct effect on our society, sociologists can further understand the mindset of a society that is based upon a belief system that varies far and wide in relation to its population. They come to unravel the secrets of human society in relation to religious beliefs and organizations that manages to influence social change when necessary. However, unlike regular sociology, religious sociologists do not use mathematical or statistical data for their interpretation. Rather, they base their studies upon interviews with religion members, organizational leaders, and observation of vari ous religious services. Due to the many choices afforded to individuals in terms of religious freedom, it is important to understand the individual rational behind a person's choice of religion. This freedom of choice is believed to be based upon the Rational Choice Theory. By definition, the rational choice theory is based upon the belief that (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†): Scientific (macro)problems have to be solved at the level of individuals (acting purposively). The hard core consists of an empirical generalization—some would say axiom—stating that individuals choose the most efficient means as they perceive them for the attainment of their goals. Individuals, because of human nature, make a rational trade-off between costs and profits. Costs and rewards are both material and immaterial, and also are personal and situational. In relation to religion, the rational choice theory is a highly and heatedly debatable topic. This is because religio us point of views pertaining to the rational choice theory need to leave room for personal preferences and individual choices (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†). With religion viewed as a system of compensating for the shortcomings of people, the rational

Mass Media In Britain Media Essay

Mass Media In Britain Media Essay The overall aim of this paper is to explore current-day British media language, and how it has changed, or is changing, and how this affects peoples view of the world. Also, to look at the reverse, at how the new British media may be affecting language. Of course, in all this, language is inevitably interwoven with broader trends and issues. Three main topics provide the cornerstones of the present paper, and these make up the three chapters. Chapter I, Mass-media in Britain, contains subchapters which outline and discuss how British media has evolved and changed in recent years. Chapter II, New alternative British Media models, explores various ways in which British media is realized at the current time, focusing on the representation of particular topics such as Web media so popular nowadays . We will show how these can influence the perceptions of readers or the audience. Chapter III , Future Media in UK- BBC iPlayer, looks at the high-tech level employed by the British Media and analyses its success and downfalls. Each chapter of this paper therefore has a separate main theme. However, in another way, the chapters overlap, in that certain key points recur. Globalization versus fragmentation may be the most noticeable two-way alternative in British media. News reports leap across the globe in seconds, and this has resulted in some similarities in media styles across widely separated geographical regions. In other cases, the reverse has happened, the immensity of the world has led to a tightening of small-scale networks, resulting in some fragmentation, as people try to maintain local ties and their own identity.  [1]   This paper is an attempt to address some fundamental concerns underlying the British media studies. I first outline the academic and theoretical roots of this field. Then I discuss its major disciplinary dimensions and critical issues. The specific aim of this paper is to set out the approximate sequence of development of the present-day set of British mass-media. It is also to indicate major turning points and to tell briefly something of the circumstances of time and place in which different British media acquired their public definitions in the sense of their perceived utility for audiences and their role in society. These definitions have tended to form early in the history of any given medium and to have been subsequently adapted in the light of newer media and changed conditions. This is a continuing process. The paper concludes with some reflections on the two main dimensions of variation between British media: one relates to the degree of freedom and the other to the conditions of use. CHAPTER I. MASS-MEDIA IN BRITAIN I.1. British media-evolution and perspectives The domestic media market in the UK is becoming ever more competitive . In broadcasting, the stable relationship that existed for many years between the BBC, a public corporation funded by a licence fee, and the Independent Television sector, a network of private regional broadcasters funded by advertising revenue, has fragmented, as a consequence of the arrival of satellite and cable companies whose main revenues are derived from subscriptions. Particularly significant is the rise and rise of SKY satellite TV and its multi-channel packages, which is owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. The terrestrial stations themselves have also recently entered the digital market place, with varying success. The BBCs non-subscription Free View service has so far proved moderately successful, delivering more dedicated programming aimed at niche audiences and subject areas. However, ITVs ventures into pay-view digital TV, launched as OnDigital in 1998, proved disastrous, being re-launched and then ending up as ITV digital in 2002 after incurring unsustainable losses.  [2]   The national newspaper market in the UK has always been a crowded one. There are currently nine daily and weekly up-market broadsheet titles and 10 tabloids that are distributed across the UK. This is by far the largest national newspaper press in Europe and has led some to question whether this is sustainable in a market the size of Britain. Long-term decline in readership figures (down 20% since 1990), rising production costs and falling advertising revenues have placed significant financial pressures across the sector, squeezing certain titles to the margins of viability.  [3]   These pressures are also evident at local and regional levels of the British newspaper market and have been exacerbated by the rise of free newspaper titles that are funded entirely by advertising revenue. This intensifying competition has led to a growing concentration in ownership patterns both within and across British media sectors, as smaller outlets are acquired by multi-media corporations whose economies of scale protect them to some degree from market pressures. Today, in the UK, the press is still characterised by a metropolitan focus almost all its national newspapers are published in London, and its diversity, there are 11 national dailies, and 12 Sunday newspapers. Of these, 11 are tabloids, which focus mainly on light news and entertainment, whereas the so-called quality press is more focused on politics, economics and foreign news. Regional and weekly newspapers, paid-for and free, concentrate almost entirely on local issues. Newspapers are free from political control and funded entirely by cover price and advertising. Working practices in newspapers and the broadcast media have been changed dramatically both by the opportunities provided by new technology and by the political and industrial climate created by the Thatcher government of the 1980s and unchanged in the 21st century. In the broadcast industry, de-regulation since the 1990s has both fragmented the audience and, conversely, concentrated ownership. There are about 15 regional commercial television licenses, though ownership is concentrated; hundreds of commercial radio stations, although the sector is characterised by large-groups; and there is also a new wave of community radio stations.  [4]   Television viewers can also access 24-hour news stations such as BBC 24, SKY News and CNN via cable and satellite and web sites complement many, if not most, of the news outlets. The distinctive character of the UK media, metropolitan, historically rooted in an early emancipation from political party control of the press, thoroughly commercial in structure and organisation, yet with a seminal public service broadcasting institution at its core, is unique. News time is time in relation to place: what matters is the fastest news from the most distant or most important place. In the evolving British media landscape, opportunity abounds. The roots of British media studies are traceable in the inquiries about the relationship between media and culture. The early attempts to this direction started during the 1920s following the rise of British mass media forms like radio networks, newspapers and magazines of mass circulation, and after mid 1930s with the advent of television media. The initial studies into British media were influenced by the Eurocentric obsessions on high cultureclaimed by many to be the best that has been said and thought.  [5]  The media of the time were assigned the role of representing that high culture ignoring the world outside Europe and colonies of European powers. The period was marked by widespread British hegemony in media production and circulation with news agencies like Reuters and BBC, which projected the image of media as powerful and influential, media as vehicles of nation-state or class propaganda, media as exemplars of modern technologically sophisticated professionalism. Development of academic media discourse, nevertheless, was remarkably slow during these formative years because it lacked a specific theoretical direction as a result of what Denis MacQuail (2002) calls the absence of a fixed disciplinary base.  [6]   Postmodernism promotes the worldview that the present is the age when identities are determined by whose information is disseminated fastest . It further recognizes the role of mass media in integrating people by reducing boundaries of space and time. It acknowledges the presence of multiple technologies as vehicles creating more spaces and more possibilities of switching across them. According to Carl Eric Rosengren, As new media for communication have been created, the old ones have become specialized, but none have been completely eliminated.This notion fully applies to British medias evolution. More than any other technologies for mass communication, contemporary media allow for a greater quantity of information transmission and retrieval, place more control over both content creation and selection in the hands of their users, and do so with less cost to the average consumer. The Internet serves as the best example and, through digital convergence, will form the backbone of most future mediated communication. The Internet was designed to be decentralized, meaning that control is distributed to all users who have relatively equal opportunity to contribute content. The increased bandwidth of the Internet further enhances users ability to become content producers and to produce material that is fairly sophisticated at low cost. In addition, many of the new technologies in UK are more portable and, therefore, more convenient to use compared with older mass media. These characteristics of the new media are breaking the foundations of our conception of mass communication. Today, media institutions are changing such that mass production is less mass. The explosion of available channels afforded by the new technologies contributes to the demassification of the media by diffusing the audience for any particular media product. This has resulted in channel specialization, and the old model of broadcasting to the masses has given way to market segmentation and targeting to niche audiences.  [7]   Although existing British media institutions are well positioned to adapt to these changing conditions, the fact that the new British media shrink the size of the audience for any particular channel is likely to create opportunities for others. That is, if smaller audiences mean reduced costs of production and distribution, then more content producers will be able to enter the media market. In the near future, the issue may be less about what media companies are doing to people and more about what people are doing with the media.  [8]   This is one reason why we find new media holding great potential as a resource for British press freedom and freedom of expression. They serve as a platform for dialogue across borders and allow for innovative approaches to the distribution and acquisition of knowledge. These qualities are vital to press freedom. But they may be undercut by attempts to regulate and censor both access and content. As follows we will provide in short lines some advantages and less fortunate characteristics of the choice for one media or another, in order to underline the interconnectedness among all of the media in shaping the large picture of the British media diversity. The book medium Technology of movable type Bound pages, codex form Multiple copies Commodity form Multiple (secular) content Individual in use Claim to freedom of publication Individual authorship The newspaper medium Regular and frequent appearance Commodity form Reference to current events Public sphere functions Urban, secular audience Relative freedom The film medium Audiovisual technology From public performance to private experience Extensive (universal) appeal Predominantly narrative fiction More international than national in character Subjection to social control From mass to multiple markets Television Very large output, range and reach Audiovisual content Complex technology and organization Public character and extensive regulation National and international character Very diverse content forms Radio Flexible and economical production Flexible in use Multiple contents Relative freedom Individualized use Participant potential Recorded music (phonogram) media Multiple technologies of recording and dissemination Low degree of regulation High degree of internationalization Younger audience Subversive potential Organizational fragmentation Diversity of reception possibilities The Internet as a medium Computer-based technologies Hybrid, non-dedicated, flexible character Interactive potential Private and public functions Low degree of regulation Interconnectedness Ubiquity and delocatedness Accessible to individuals as communicators  [9]   I.2. British newspapers , broadcast media and new age media British Broadcast television   is going through a period of change with increasing digitilisation and interactive media cooperation. The biggest broadcast TV stations remain the BBC and SkyTV but these are supplemented by 250 cable and satellite TV stations and 1,100 independent television production companies.  [10]   This is a rapidly growing sector with cable and satellite and independent companies doubling in the period 2000-2008. This is a broad profession where 34% are freelance and people are judged by the quality of their work rather than their formal qualifications. Despite this, 70% have at least an undergraduate degree. British Radio the airwaves are dominated by the BBC , which has 12 distinct radio channels. Interactive media comprises collection of areas including web and internet, offline multimedia, electronic games and interactive TV. Game design the UK has one of the largest gaming industries. 48 of the worlds most profitable studios are based in the UK. The industry has been growing to7.5% from 2009-2012. Some of the main Bristish Media organisations: the British Media Industry Group ,Cable Communications Association , ITV Network Centre, National Association of Press Agencies . Some of the major industry bodies: Commonwealth Press Union, Institute of Local Television, Radio Joint Audience Research. The major occupational/professional groups: Association of British Editors, British Society of Magazine Editors. The main trade unions: Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union. The UK Television The five national networks (excluding satellite) Cable and digital Five national networks in the UK. The main British TV channels are: BBC 1 since 1936, general interest programmes. BBC 2 minority and specialist interests. ITV broadcasting is approximately 33% informative and 66% light entertainment. Channel 4 since 1982, 15% educational programmes, encourages innovation and experiment. Television viewing in Britain- overview The most popular leisure pasttime Average viewing time is over 25 hours a week TV productions continue to win international awards Half of the programmes are bought abroad Childrens TV has been very active( Blue Peter on BBC 1) Youth TV has been started recently Presentation of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Six national stations. Broadcasts: BBC 1, 2, 4, BBC News 24, BBC Choice, BBC Parliament. Radio Channels. No advertising. Worldwide television services (BBC World, BBC Prime) The division of programmes Light entertainment (variety shows, soap operas, situation comedies, game shows) News/current affairs Documentaries  [11]   Childrens TV Music Sport Films/TV movies Drama/plays British favourite TV shows Are you being served? Bless me father Fawlty Towers Mulberry Yes, Prime Minister Blackadder Chef Holmes The brief history of British radio  [12]   1922: BBC started daily broadcasting on 2LO on 14 Nov. The first voice was Arthur Burrows, reading the news. 1922: 15 Nov: 5IT and 2ZY became first BBC stations outside London. 1967: On 30th September, BBC radio reorganisation launched Radios 1,2,3 and 4. 1967: Third Programme andNational Programme replaced 2LO. The Regional Programme, an alternative service, started later this year. 1973: Birth of independent (commercial) radio, with LBC and Capital Radio in London. 1988: First commercial station split frequencies. 1990: IBA split into ITC 1991: Radio 1 goes 24 hours on 1 May. 1992: Launch of Classic FM, Britains first national commercial radio station. 1993: Launch of Virgin 1215. 1995: Talk Radio began broadcasting on 14 Feb. 1996: New rules on cross-media ownership heralds further change in the radio industry. The most popular British radio stations are  [13]  : Clare FM Anna Livia Live 95 Welsh Radio International Imperial College radio Capital FM BBC Radio 2

Ethics and Utilitarianism Essay

What is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is an ethical framework for effective moral action. It’s a philosophical concept that holds an action to be held right if it tends to promote happiness for the greatest number of people. The essence of utilitarianism is in its concept of pleasure and pain. It defines the morally right actions as those actions that maximize pleasure or happiness and minimize pain or evil. Utilitarianism is all about making the right choices that will consequently promote the greatest amount of happiness. It can be traced all the way back to the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, but the name most frequently associated with utilitarianism is that of Jeremy Bentham. According to utilitarianism, we should evaluate an action by looking at is consequences, weighing the good effects against the bad effects on all the people affected by it. If the good outweighs the bad, it tends to be a good action; if the bad outweigh the good, it tends to be a bad action. (DeGeorge 45) Ethical principles and theories are the foundations of ethical analysis because bring significant characteristics to the decision-making process. Every single theory shows different points such as predicting the outcome and following one’s duties to others in order to reach an ethical decision. But an ethical theory can only to be useful if the theory is directed towards a common set of goals. Ethical principles are the common goals that each theory tries to achieve in order to be successful. These goals include beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. Using utilitarianism in ethical business practice would consider the good and bad consequence for everyone the action would affect, treat everybody as having equal rights, with no bias towards self, and would use it as an objective, quantitative way to make a moral decision. Utilitarianism should be employed in all business decision-making process to maximize effects and minimize negative outcomes. Businesses seek to make a profit. The cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. Most business often use cost-benefit as a decision making tool. Companies attempt to find out how much something is going to cost them before taking any actions that should result in consequences favorable to everyone involved. Just simply put, the company could make a profit while the consumer benefit from the product. To understand the definitions and concepts of the theory, in relation to business ethics, I will use the Ford Pinto Case as an example. The Ford Pinto was sold with dangerous design faults in the fuel tank in which management knew the problem existed. (bizcovering) In a roll over, the fuel valve had a tendency to leak fuel. That did not stop design and production, they rushed to assemble the vehicle and costs were kept low in order to sell the auto for $2,000. It was successful, until one year four people died and one little boy horribly burned and disfigured. Then there were many other incidents that resulted in Ford being sued and had to pay millions in compensation. The cost-benefit analysis demonstrated an abuse of utilitarian principles to suit their needs, because the engineers were aware of the flaws, yet the company continued to sell the car without safety modifications. Utilitarianism, far from being a self-serving approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. This philosophy is based on the belief that the moral and ethical value of one’s action should be judged by the consequence of such action. But utilitarianism states that the morality of an action is best judged by the utility or usefulness of such an action. During the 1980’s, Oliver North had to explain why he lied to congressional committees about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, the sale of U. S. arms to Iran for the release of hostages that were held by Iran, he replied, â€Å"Lying does not come easily to me. But we all had to weigh in the balance the difference between lies and lives. North’s conduct was an example of utilitarianism, his method of justifying his acts of deception is a form of moral reasoning. So long as a course of action produces maximum benefits for everyone, utilitarianism does not care whether the benefits are produced by lies, manipulation, or coercion. Utilitarianism was once a radical philosophy. It attempted to set forth a moral system apart from divine revelation and biblical morality. Utilitarianism focused on results rather than rules. But now has been embraced by so many simply because it seems to make a good deal of sense and seems relatively simple to apply. It provided for a way for people to live moral lives apart from the Bible and its rules. Logic rather than obedience to biblical principles guides the ethical decision-making of utilitarianism. While Jeremy Bentham developed his ethical system around the idea of pleasure and built it on ancient hedonism which pursued physical pleasure and avoided physical pain; John Stuart Mill modified this philosophy and developed it apart from Bentham’s hedonistic foundation. Mill used the same utilitarian calculus but instead focused on maximizing the general happiness by calculating the greatest good for the greatest number. Whereas Bentham established act utilitarianism, Mill established rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarian holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its details, is what should be to the utilitarian test. (DeGeorge 47) Rule utilitarian holds that utility applies appropriately t classes of actions rant than to given individual actions. (DeGeorge 48) According to Mill, one determines what is right by comparing the consequences of all relevant factors of diffeerent rules for a specific circumstance. In conclusion, utilitarianism is all about making the right choices that will consequently promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Work Cited DeGeorge, Richard T. Business Ethics. 7th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2010 â€Å"Applying Utilitarianism to Business Ethics: The Ford Pinto Case. † Annie Lundy February 6, 2009 â€Å"Utilitarianism. † utilitarianism. com. Henry R. West. n. d. â€Å"Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. † Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez. n. d.

Bsa 375 Week 2 Service Request Sr-Rm-004, Part 1 - 1205 Words

Service Request SR-rm-022, Part 1 Your name here University of Phoenix Online BSA 375 Insrtuctor Date Service Request SR-rm-004, Part 1 Riordan Manufacturing is an international plastics manufacturer that currently employs 550 people with projected annual earnings totaling approximately $46 million. The company is completely owned by Riordan Industries which is a Fortune 1000 enterprise with revenues of up to $1 billion. The company’s merchandises consists of plastic beverage containers that are produced at its plant in Albany, Georgia; custom plastic parts are manufactured at its plant in Pontiac, Michigan; and plastic fan parts are created at its facilities in Hangzhou, China (Riordan Manufacturing, 2013).†¦show more content†¦Through these meetings, I will be allowed to ask and answer questions as well as invite comments and acknowledge concerns and ideas from every angle. By creating this open dialog, which will last through the duration of the project, I will be able to better understand what the company needs to improve the quality of its employee’s jobs. The design method that would be used for Riordan Manufacturing would involve the use of Joint Application Development (JAD). Participants in this methodology would include users, managers, sponsors, programmers, and systems analysts. By involving everyone in the program, we can obtain the most vital information on what is needed to improve the current process for Riordan. Business Requirements for an HR System Riordan Manufacturing is a large company with facilities in several locations around the world. Riordan Manufacturing is an international plastics manufacturer that currently employs 550 people and operates at around $46 million in sales(Riordan Manufacturing, 2013). As a result of its size, Riordan must have a system that is able to keep track of important information such as employee names and other confidential data. This information should be able to be accessed from other locations as well as the home office. There are other functions that a new and improved HR system co uld benefit such as inventory tracking or the shipping or reception of products. TheseShow MoreRelatedBSA 375 Complete Course1474 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Link name    BSA 375Week 1 Discussion Question 1   Ã‚  Ã‚   Why do heuristics and biases play a major role in the success or failure of an IT project? What specific kinds are the most influential factors, in general and for your specific organization?    How does organization culture play a role in the successful reliance on the Joint Application Development (JAD) process to identify and gather business requirements? Would JAD work in your company? Explain why or why not.    BSA 375Week 1 Discussion Question

Critically Discuss the Importance of Scenario Planning to Develop Risk Management and Crisis Management Plans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2751 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Critically discuss the importance of scenario planning to develop Risk Management and Crisis Management plans Introduction Scenario planning plays an important role in developing risk management and crisis management plans. A good scenario planning always helps organizations to see possible futures and deal with crisis and risk successfully when emergencies happen. Consequently, most companies would like to spend amount of time and efforts in a formal, value scenario planning, so that they could get a clear futures and take appropriate decisions. This essay aims at the discussion on relationship between scenario planning and risk and crisis management plans, especially in how scenario planning improves or limits the developing of risk and crisis management plans. The whole assay involves three main concerns. At the first, briefly clarify the significant of the scenario planning, including the definition and characteristics. And then, introduce the risk and crisis management and the plans used to deal with them. Last but not the least, analyses the function of scenario planning for risk and crisis manag ement plans. There are also some company examples to support the argument. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critically Discuss the Importance of Scenario Planning to Develop Risk Management and Crisis Management Plans" essay for you Create order Scenario planning In recent years, scenario planning is increasingly popular with organizations who consider it as a basis method in the strategic management process. A recent survey in UK showed that over 30 percent of organizations use scenario planning in their strategic process (Hodgkinson, et al., 2006), and earlier reports have shown the use of scenario planning have almost extended to mainland Europe (Malaska, 1985) and the USA (Linneman and Klein, 1983). Scenario planning, also called scenario analysis or scenario thinking, is a way to predict possible futures that organizations have applied to a great range of risk and crisis. It is not only a clear picture of tomorrow, but also the way of thinking and an ongoing strategic supplement for futures. In this way, managers could discuss objectively in full, and make strategy more flexible. It requires decision makers to be more sensitive on the signals of revolution. Just like an excellent chess player, he always could think out the next few ste ps and form a chain of reactions in his brain. If managers could imagine scenario occurs, they will be able to resolve it with more calm and careful. The characteristics of scenario planning are mainly system thinking, improvement of mental models and the ambition, vision and imagination exciting (Chermack, et al., 2001). As a management tool, scenario planning is different from the strategic planning which basis on the clear goal and faith. People could see the trend of development and also the system structure that would influence this trend through the method. In the meantime, it is not only the description of future scenario, but also some changes on mental models of organizations (Godet and Fabrice, 1996). If the scenario planning cannot impact mental models for decision makers, or lead to a revolution, it will hardly create the real value. Although there are still too many unknowns in future, it is still possible to simulate the decision-making on a series of credible, potenti al future scenarios and validate repeatedly, that is the significant of the scenario planning. In this case when these future scenarios really happen, managers could use the decisions which have been validated many times to avoid panic brought by unexpected accidents and increase the possibility of exploiting opportunities. Crisis and Risk management plans Crisis and risk management as situation-based management system can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“systematic process of identifying, analyzing and responding to project riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Irimia-DiÃÆ' ©guez, et al., 2014, p2). The project risk could happen in the process of development cycle or be caused by the changes in the external environment when implement the projects. Dey (2012) indicates that it contains six steps: planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning, risk monitoring and control. The aim of crisis and risk management is to be well prepared for emergency, and show a correct, timely approach to respond. As the result of that, it is much easier to deal with the crisis and risk and get them terminated without any losses. Efficient crisis and risk management could help organizations to make decisions correctly and ensure the safety and integrity of asset (Irimia-DiÃÆ' ©guez, et al., 2014). Moreover, the efficient crisis and risk management needs a perfect plan as guidance, so that the crisis and risk management could be implemented smoothly, that is the crisis and risk management plans. The plans focus on the strategy for identifying, analyzing and slowing risk and also the responsibility for crisis management (Dey, 2012). Besides that, it will provide a completed guideline that refers to how to carry out the crisis and risk management in process of the project. The original intent of the crisis and risk management is to avoid the risk and minimize loss, however, with the help of the risk management plans, organizations could expect attain greater rewards (Dey, 2012). In a word, it is essential to draw up a crisis and risk management plans during the whole process of a project. Good plans forCrisis and Risk management As mentioned before, good plans will improve the process of crisis and risk management greatly. The purpose of the risk management plan is to set up the framework that is used for identifying risks and developing strategies, so those risks could be mitigated or even avoided. Having a good plan could help managers deal with emergencies when they occur and, hopefully, prevent them before they occur (Horton, 2002). From another perspective, risks could be positive that may result in some good things happening, usually called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"opportunitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. And sometimes a good plan would be the kind of catalyst which makes the transition from risks to opportunities. In the meanwhile a good plan should also list the detail information related to the potential crisis and risk and clarify how to respond to them. The topics addressed in a risk management plan usually include methodology, roles and responsibilities, budget and schedule (Horton, 2002). In particularly, some volatility categories must be considered, just like market, financial, technology, employee and so on. As a top management, they should learn the core of crisis and risk management before starting a plan, such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What could happen?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"How likely is it to happenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"how can you reduce the probabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. So it is more like a list of adverse situations with their answers rather than a plan. There are other things managers should pay more attention, which the risk management plans need to be done at the first stage in project management and adjusted or updated at any time. As well known, Shell had the most to gain due to the crisis and risk management plans. In the early 1970s, the professional planners in Shell started to research and discuss the risk management and then they formed their own risk management plan. This plan mainly focused on the issue like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"what will we be l ike in the next 20-30 years?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"how to make people discuss the things that cannot be imagined?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ In 1972, under the leadership of Pierre.Wacker, the team drew up a plan to cope with the energy crisis that could happen in some days. They were afraid of that one day oil companies in western countries would lose controls on oil supplements. And they should plan what will happen and how to struggle with it. Sure enough, the 1970s oil shocks transformed the world economy. When OPEC announced the policy of oil embargo, most oil companies suffered huge losses, but Shell became the only one that could resist this crisis because of its well prepared. Since then, Shell has jumped to the second of the biggest oil companies. In 1986, before the price of oil collapse, Shell saw the crisis again and planned to give up the acquisition on other small oil companies, stop expanding their production. After the price of oil decline, Shell spent the leas t money in buying a large number of oil fields. A series of risk management plans kept Shell maintaining the price advantage in the next 20 years. However, Motorola is not so lucky. As a leader of phone makers, it has been history. It is the lack of plans to cope with challenges in the market that leads to the failure. Motorola got over-confident without any sense of crisis or risk management plans. When other competitors rushed into the market with their high-tech productions, Motorola was not prepared for this transformation, and still insisted on their own way. Actually, it would be an opportunity if foreseen the 3G mobile phone, but Motorola was not be aware of that. Finally they cannot avoid this crisis or turned this threat into advantage and started to falter. Scenario planning and Crisis and Risk management plans Scenario planning and crisis and risk management plans have been discussed separately, so the relationship between them would be the next topic. Scenario planning as a way of predicting the future is a basis for developing crisis and risk management plans. To finish a risk management plan, managers must do scenario planning to foresee the possible risks. Each possible future scenario could be listed, including both risk and opportunity, analyses their probabilities and then discuss on how to deal with them (Irimia-DiÃÆ' ©guez, et al., 2014). Once it is done, the initial risk management plan has been developed. In other words, the scenario planning is more like a tool of risk management plan. There is another role for the scenario planning that is a link between business strategy and risk management plan (Coppendale, 1995). Combined with the existing strategy and intrinsic properties, it is easier to target the real crisis and risk that may happen in future, and develop a practic al crisis and risk management plan. So the scenario planning is the binder for business strategy and risk management plan. Most organizations would pay more attentions on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"How to develop crisis and risk management plansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Of course, under the help of scenario planning, it will do more with less. There are mainly four steps to develop the crisis and risk management plans. Firstly, indentify risks from the discussion of scenario planning regarding future events. Meanwhile, it is necessary to indicate the potential events might hurt or enhance a particular project in a risk management plan. Secondly, analyses risks using repeated questions and responses just like brainstorming that is the same way as scenario planning do (Eberlein, et al., 2002). So it is much easier to analyses accurately if refer to the conclusion from scenario planning. Please note that it would be better if rank the risks. A list marked with high or low priority for potential risks will help teams create a professional risk management plan (Irimia-DiÃÆ' ©guez, et al., 2014). And then make strategies for these risks that have been listed, including mitigation measures and emergency measures. The mitigation measure is to reduce the possibility of risk, while the emergency measure aims at minimizing losses when risk occurs. The scenario planning could be used for evaluating the mitigation or emergency measures and rearranging the risks. At the end, a project manager need to monitor risks in the process of projects, and the specific steps used for monitoring project risks should be recorded in a risk management plan, such as assignments to risk managers and responsibility for status updates (Coppendale, 1995). Whether scenario planning or risk management plans, the purpose of them is to help organizations to take their appropriate decisions. In this way, managers could achieve the goals that minimize potential negative risks, at the same time, maximize potenti al positive risks. However, everything always works two sides: scenario planning also has limitations of itself. Scenarios are just some ideas, and ideas are difficult to communicate with other people (Ringland and Schwartz, 1998). Without effective communication, it is hard to implement in practice. Implementation is the soul of each plan. If the scenario planning is completely out of an implementation, it is just a planning or even a sweet dream. In addition, the use of analytical tools has limitations, showing up in data collected and the subjective nature. Both internal and external environment are changing fast, so the limitations of current knowledge and technology are hampers for forecasting the marketing. Moreover, to research market and collect data will inevitable cost much time and manpower that cannot be afforded by some small companies. There is another concern that if anything goes wrong or any potential risks unforeseen, it would shock the company heavily. As the o rganizations thought they had been well prepared for facing each crisis and risk, the over-confident makes them careless when the market is changing out of control. It is difficult to be aware of non-sensible subconscious for the organizations. A better choice is to link scenario to strategic planning (Ringland and Schwartz, 1998) and risk management planning. By standing on the point of whole company strategy, put scenario planning into practice together with strategic planning. Although the scenario planning is an idea discussed by the project teams, it is not visionary or a game. So the scenario planning is just considered as a tool for both strategic planning and risk management plan that indicate the clear assignment and responsibility. With a clear assignment and responsibility, it is much easier to implement in practice for managers and communicate with his team members (Ringland and Schwartz, 1998). Furthermore, as a successful executive officer, it is very essential to k eep thinking refresh. Either scenario planning or risk management plans is not invariable. They need to be adjusted and updated as the developing of market, especially in a dynamic information technology sector. For those small companies, they could hire some professional teams to accomplish the scenario planning or risk management plans. The low-cost is beneficial for the development of those fledgling. The last point is that keep a clear head and never slip at any time. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Be vigilant in peace timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is always a proverb for most organizations. Conclusions Scenario planning is popular with more and more companies. Most of them would like to hold a regular discussion conference to imagine scenarios that may happen in future. The teams will list each risk or opportunity and think out different strategies to copy. So the scenario planning is a basis for crisis and risk management and help organizations to be equipped before a war. There should also be a risk management plan, so that crisis and risk management could go well. Refers to the scenarios, the risk management plans could identify and analyses crisis better. Please note that not all risks need to be eliminated. With the help of a good plan, the risks could also be transformed into opportunities. In addition, the assignments and responsibilities must be clarified clearly in this plan, besides crisis and risks may face. In summary, scenario planning is an effective way for organizations to sensibly consider possible futures and to take appropriate decisions, and there is also no d oubting its importance to develop the crisis and risk management plans, although there are some limitations. As an excellent manager, the sense of crisis and risk is essential. The more important is to use this skill in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the right timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with right way. References Chermack, T. J.and Susan, A. L. and Wendy, E. A. R. (2001). A Review of Scenario Planning Literature. Futures Research Quarterly, 72, p.7-32. Coppendale, J. (1995). Manage risk in product and process development and avoid unpleasant surprises[J]. Engineering Management Journal, 5(1), p.35 38. Dey, P. K. (2012). Project risk management using multiple criteria decision-making technique and decision tree analysis: A case study of Indian oil refinery. Production Planning Control, 23(12), p.903-921. Eberlein, E. and Kallsen, J. and Kristen, J. (2002). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Risk Management Based on Stochastic Volatility[J]. Journal of Risk, 2(6), p.247à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"262. Godet, M. a nd Fabrice, R. (1996). Creating the Future: The Use and Misuse of Scenarios. Long Range Planning, 29-2, p.164-71. Hodgkinson, G. P. R. and Whittington, G. J. and Schwarz, M. (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The role of s trategy workshops in strategy development processes: Formality, communication, coordination and inclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Long Range Planning, 39, p.479à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"496. Horton, T. (2002). Risk management plan can prevent accidents, litigation[J]. Golf Course News, (4), p.8-9. Irimia-DiÃÆ' ©guez, A. I. and Sanchez-Cazorla, A. and Alfalla-Luque, R. (2014). Risk Management in Megaprojects. Procedia Socialssbehavioral Sciences, (J), p.407à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"416. Linneman, R. E. and Klein, H. E. (1983). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The use of multiple scenarios by united-states industrial companies: A comparison study, 1977à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1981. Long Range Planning, 16, p.94à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"101. Malaska, P. (1985). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Multiple scenario approach and strate gic behavior in European companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Strategic Management Journal, 6, p.339à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"355. Ringland, G. and Schwartz, P. (1998). Scenario Planning: Managing for the Future. London: MÃÆ' ©moire Du Xxe SiÃÆ' ¨cle Sur La Prospective Linnovation Et Les Territoires.