Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay Example

Vanraj Mini Tractors Essay The competitors in this segment are Chinese made tractors and locally assembled tractors; however those are no match for Vandal even if those are cheaper as Vandal is geared towards hostile Indian conditions. The tractors in other segments have higher horse power- at least twice as costly as Vandal and half as fuel efficient. Vandal can also be used for other farming purposes like spraying pesticides, POT, Intercultural operation etc. And other non farming purposes Like transportation also. Average landholding in India being 1. 7 hectares and with 82% of farmers belonging o this category- this segments looked quite lucrative for a product like Vandal. Problem Definition The manufacturers were In dilemma whether to target Just the small and marginal farmer segment of the tractor market. Analysis Summary Advantages for a farmer in favor of buying a small tractor- Initial purchasing cost half of that of a big tractor, fuel consumption cost halved as well. Better than bullocks In cost a nd maintenance terms. Tractors are financed up to 90% through banks and at cheap rates even for marginal farmer. Government gives subsidy of ASK for mini tractor market segment. Its smaller wheel base and turning radius offers better invulnerability, accessible to all corners of the land. It can also De us technologically EAI Tort non-Tarring purposes Walt I Title or no molestations Against buying a small tractor- Tractors are not only used for agricultural purposes but also for rural transportation and hauling of agricultural produce to market. They also have a social significance in rural India- they are a symbol of power and masculinity. Custom work like renting out for generating some extra cash can be done only with larger tractors. Market Outlook The small and marginal farmer market segment has little competition with a huge potential demand. Market can be created given that credit availability is not a problem -banks are ready to finance up to 90% of the tractor cost to a farmer with as less as 3 acres of land. Government also has favorable policy for this sector- ASK of subsidy is give n from Government side to farmer per tractor. Another sector that can be looked at is horticulturalist market. Our Recommendation We recommend forming one marketing strategy to target small and marginal farmer segment and another marketing strategy for the other market segments. We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Mini Tractors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Small and marginal farmer market segment is price sensitive market segment- we have to market Vandal as cost effective product. We suggest launching Vandal in one geographical area and after getting the feedback expanding the operation in other geographical areas in phased manner. Support for our Recommendation Small and marginal farmers have different requirements than the larger farmer, they eve small landholding than the larger ones and keeping a big tractor is out of question for them. The small and marginal farmer segment is cost sensitive market and hence dealing Walt tins market segment we nave to KICK Tort long term galas Instead AT near term benefits- break even can happen only in 12th year, refer the break even calculation below. We are entering a new market segment and we dont have established distribution channel- we need to launch the product in one geographical area first and after getting the feedback from that customer group based on this feedback we have to improve on product, pricing, distribution and marketing etc and then launch in other geographical areas in phased manner.

buy custom HIV essay

buy custom HIV essay HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus as per the definition given by a medical center called UCSF. The virus is acquired through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner, from an infected mother to an unborn child, blood transfusion and during breastfeeding. The virus weakens the immune system of a person by destroying the CD4+T cells making a person the infected persons immune system weak. As the HIV viruses increase, the number of CD4+T cells in the body reduces from the normal 800-1200 cells per cubic millimeter (mm3) to as low as 50 CDA+T cells per cubic millimeter(mm3). The infections develop in different stages. One of the foundations dealing with HIV and AIDS called San Francisco has given the stages as follows. The first stage is the window stage or the primary stage which occur a few weeks after infection .The symptoms in this stage include fevers, night sweats and rashes on the skin. However, after a few weeks the persons body returns to its healthy state. If a person takes an HIV/AIDS test at this time the result might be faulty because the virus may have not established itself fully in the blood stream. It should be known however that such a person can still infect other people with the HIV virus .Later the symptoms may recur but the time may differ depending on the strength of the immune system of a person. he second stage which is the seroconversion stage occurs after the first six months after but differs with the capability of the immune system to fight diseases. At this stage the body starts reacting to the virus by producing antibodies .If one gets tested at this stage the results will not be correct. The third stage is the asymptomatic stage; the person still looks healthy but can infect other people if they have unprotected sexual intercourse. The virus continues to destroy the CD4+T cells weakening the immune system. The next stage is the symptomatic stage. At this stage of the infection, a person develops pneumonia, sores on the throat, mouth, anus and genitals, reddish, purplish brownish and pinkish batches on the skin, memory loss, depression, slight weight loss in women, tiredness, hair loss , recurring fever , extreme tiredness and profuse night sweats, diarrhea . This does not mean that each person infected develops the symptoms immediately; some may take up to twelve years to show these signs while some may develop earlier. As the HIV virus multiplies it continues weakening the body immune system of a person giving way to opportunistic diseases. The person becomes immune deficient or has now developed AIDS, which is a short form of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. The body can no longer fight opportunistic diseases such as; bacteriial diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia and blood poisoning, the body cannot also fight diseases caused by protozoans like toxoplasmosis, fungal diseases like candidiasis, and penicilliosis and viral diseases like herpes simplex and herpes zoster which are more common in women than in men. These diseases develop at different times e, g malaria and pneumonia tuberculosis and herpes zoster occur in the early stages of the infection where else toxoplasmosis and PCP occur affecting major body organs. People with HIV/AIDS are prone to cancers like cervical cancer and Kaposis sarcoma and treatment using therapy to treat cancer is difficult as the ability of the lymphocyte to fight germs has been weakened by the virus. Children are also in high risk of getting infected with the opportunistic diseases such as those affecting older people, but are more affected by bacterial infections like ear infections, tonsillitis, stunted growth, and pink eyes. This is because the defense is lower compared to those of adults (HIV AND AIDS: Mayo clinic). When the CD4+T cells of a person are less than 200 per cubic millimeter then the person has full blown HIV virus and should seek medical help so that he/she can be examined by a doctor which include pregnancy tests for women. The person is then given antiretroviral medication and antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Buy custom HIV essay

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve ever walked along a beach on a sunny day and dipped your toes in the water to cool them off after the hot sand, you’ve taken advantage of the specific heat of water. Despite how it may sound, specific heat doesn’t refer to the exact temperature of something. It’s a larger scientific concept that has to do with the energy it takes to heat a substance up. As you might have noticed from the example, not all substances warm up at the same rate- hence the different temperatures of the sand and water. Water’s specific heat is one of its most interesting characteristics. In this article, we’ll be covering what specific heat is, what equation you use to find specific heat, and why water’s specific heat is so high. The stove, pot, water, and steam all have different specific heats. What Is Specific Heat? Specific heat is a measure of heat capacity, or how much heat a material can store when changing temperature. A high heat capacity means that a substance can absorb a lot of heat before registering a change in temperature- think about how long it takes for a pot to get warm to the touch on the stove versus how long it takes the water inside to get warm. That means that water has a higher heat capacity- it can store more heat before changing in temperature. Specific heat refers to the exact amount of heat needed to make one unit of mass of a substance one degree warmer. Returning to our example, specific heat would identify exactly how much heat is required to make one unit of water, such as one cup, one degree warmer. Because heat is really a measure of energy transfer, it’s more accurate to say that specific heat is actually a statement of how much energy a substance can absorb before a one-degree change in temperature. Specific heat is typically measured in Joules and kilojoules per one gram of mass, with Celsius as a measure of temperature. Kilograms and Fahrenheit may be used, but it’s rarer. A substance’s specific heat can be affected by temperature and pressure, so specific heat is typically determined at constant temperature and pressure, typically 25 degrees Celsius. What Is the Equation for Specific Heat? The equation to calculate specific heat is: $$Q = s Ãâ€" m Ãâ€" ΔT$$ $Q$ represents the amount of heat, $s$ the specific heat (${\Joules}/{\gram *  °\Celsius}$), m the mass of the substance in grams, and $ΔT$ the observed change in temperature. Different kinds of water, such as seawater, may have different specific heat. What Is the Specific Heat of Water? Some substances heat up quickly, while other substances heat up slowly. Water is one of the latter- it has a high specific heat capacity because it requires more energy to raise the temperature. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4182 J/kg °C. Because water is such an important and common substance, we even have a special way to identify the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius- a Calorie. This is different from the kind of calorie we talk about in food. That kind of calorie is equivalent to 1,000 Calories, which is why food-related calories are also sometimes referred to as kilocalories, or kcals. The specific heat of water is quite a bit higher than many other common substances. For example, the specific heat of iron is 449 J/kg °C, sand is 830 J/kg °C, and oak timber is 2400 J/kg °C. That’s because water, comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, is electronegative. An electronegative atom is more likely to draw electrons to itself, because one side of the atom will have a partially positive charge and the other will have a partially negative charge. The opposite-charged sides are naturally drawn to one another, forming a weaker hydrogen bond. That’s why water is able to flow past itself, but also bond together- it’s constantly forming and breaking these bonds. These bonds are also why liquid water has a high specific heat. Any energy put toward heating water is split between breaking the bonds and heating the water. Because of this, it takes more energy to heat water than it does other substances. For example, if you’re at the beach on a sunny day, you’ll notice that the sand is often quite hot to walk on, but the water always feels cool, even in the shallows. That’s because sand has a lower specific heat capacity- it takes less energy to raise the temperature by one degree. Because water has a high heat capacity, it requires more energy to raise the temperature by one degree. The sun puts out a more or less constant rate of energy, which heats up sand more quickly and water more slowly. Sand has a much lower specific heat than water- that's why it gets hot so fast! Specific Heat Table If you’re not already familiar with Joules and Calories, these numbers might seem a little abstract. Take a look at this table to familiarize yourself with some common specific heats according to both Joules and Calories, and compare those to what you know of how these substances heat up! Material Specific Heat in J/kg °C Specific Heat in Cal/gram °C Gold 129 0.031 Air 1005 0.24 Leather 1500 0.36 Olive oil 1790 0.43 Paper 1336 0.32 Table Salt 880 0.21 Quartz Sand 830 0.19 Steel 490 0.12 Liquid Water 4182 1.00 Wood 1300 - 2400 0.41 What’s Next? If the specific heat of water has you all fired up about chemistry, AP chemistry may be for you! Check out this AP chemistry syllabus to learn more about what topics will be covered. Or maybe you're already in AP chemistry and you're looking for some tips and tricks for how to ace your exam. Check out this guide to the AP chemistry exam for everything you need to know! If you're not quite ready for the exam but you need a little extra boost in your AP chemistry course, this AP Chemistry study guide may be just what you're looking for.

Marketers and the child consumer Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Marketers and the child consumer - Thesis Example The paper tells that marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketers use advertising to inform, communicate, persuade, entertain, and sell to the viewer. Children have become attractive markets not only because they can influence their parents’ purchase decision but also because they have their own income through jobs or allowances from parents. Their immense purchasing power has tempted the marketers to exploit the situation. Besides, certain characteristics such as repetition, branded characters, celebrity endorsements, and interesting production features enhance the importance of television as a medium. Advertisers use stealth marketing techniques and have started embedding or placing the product in movies or TV shows. They also use advergames where the tweens feel the flow of information. The fast food restaurants entice the vulnerable minds with the promise of a toy on their visit. Advertisers have also exploited the school arena to reach out to the children. Advertisements can be found on report cards, on school book covers, on school buses and the intention is to demonstrate their commitment to academic excellence. While there are debates and studies on how food advertising has led to increased incidences of obesity in tweens, there is no conclusive study to confirm this. However, advertising for children has certainly enhanced consumerism and the children feel they can decide what they want and when they want. Suddenly the children feel grown up and want to look and feel older. This may not be a positive impact as the childish innocence is lost a very early age. The study concludes the materialism and consumerism should not be promoted through advertisements directed at tweens. The appropriate marketing technique should contain relevant and important information about the product, its benefits and the potential adverse impact. Recommendations for further studies were made and limitations highlighted. Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Rationale for the study 2 1.3 Research aims and objectives 3 1.4 Structure of the study 4 1.5 Significance of the study 5 Chapter II Literature review 2.1 Chapter overview 6 2.2 Definition of tweens 6 2.3 The child consumer 7 2.4 Media used for marketing to children 10 2.5 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 13 2.6 Impact of advertisements on children 15 Chapter III Methodology 3.1 Chapter Overview 17 3.2 Research Philosophy 17 3.3 Purpose of the research and phenomenon 17 3.4 Epistemology 17 3. 5 Research Strategy 19 3.6 Data collection 19 3.7 Justification for secondary data 20 3.8 Data analysis 20 3.9 Limitations 20 Chapter IV Findings 4.1 Chapter Overview 21 4.2 Cause of changes in tweens’ consumer behavior 21 4.3 Marketing techniques used by advertisers 22 4.4 Impact of advertising and marketing 26 4.5 Television as the most important medium 29 4.6 Discussions 29 Chapter V Conclusion & Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 31 5.2 Recommendations 33 References 34 Tables & Figures Table 2.1 Media Channels that reach the tweens 11 Table 2.2 Media use by Tweens 12 Figure 4.1 Tweens shopping without parents 22 Figure 4.2 Pleasure & Fun 23 Figure 4.3 Excitement and surprise 26 Figure 4.4 Lollipop as a â€Å"popping candy† 26 Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Marketing to children has been of immense interest to marketers in recent times. Marketing campaigns have three-fold purpose –

Religion in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion in Society - Essay Example It is important to note however, that the sociology of religion should not be confused with the philosophy of religion as the latter does not look into the claims of religious beliefs. Since not all religions are the same, one will always find religion in some way, shape, or form even in the most primitive of human societies. It is become of these various forms of religion that sociologists have recognized the need to study its relation to the development of our society in general (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†). Therefore when one speaks of the study of the sociology of religion, he means the study of the religion as a belief and social institution. The study of religion in relation to our society is quite important because religion is not merely an individualized belief system, it is one of the oldest standing social institutions around. It is a method that helps shapes the society that we live in by offering a specific social pattern for those with the same beliefs to follow. The reason that these people follow specific teachings and learning from the religion is because religion seeks to answer some questions that man has about his existence and his role in society. It is this gray area of religion that has sociologists asking questions about it. Questions such as (Crossman, Ashley, â€Å"Sociology of Religion†): How are religious beliefs and factors related to other social factors like race, age, gender, and education? How are religious institutions organized? How does religion affect social change? What influence does religion have on other social institutions, such as political or educational institutions? By understanding how religion has a direct effect on our society, sociologists can further understand the mindset of a society that is based upon a belief system that varies far and wide in relation to its population. They come to unravel the secrets of human society in relation to religious beliefs and organizations that manages to influence social change when necessary. However, unlike regular sociology, religious sociologists do not use mathematical or statistical data for their interpretation. Rather, they base their studies upon interviews with religion members, organizational leaders, and observation of vari ous religious services. Due to the many choices afforded to individuals in terms of religious freedom, it is important to understand the individual rational behind a person's choice of religion. This freedom of choice is believed to be based upon the Rational Choice Theory. By definition, the rational choice theory is based upon the belief that (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†): Scientific (macro)problems have to be solved at the level of individuals (acting purposively). The hard core consists of an empirical generalization—some would say axiom—stating that individuals choose the most efficient means as they perceive them for the attainment of their goals. Individuals, because of human nature, make a rational trade-off between costs and profits. Costs and rewards are both material and immaterial, and also are personal and situational. In relation to religion, the rational choice theory is a highly and heatedly debatable topic. This is because religio us point of views pertaining to the rational choice theory need to leave room for personal preferences and individual choices (Hak, Durk H. â€Å"Rational Choice Theory†). With religion viewed as a system of compensating for the shortcomings of people, the rational

Mass Media In Britain Media Essay

Mass Media In Britain Media Essay The overall aim of this paper is to explore current-day British media language, and how it has changed, or is changing, and how this affects peoples view of the world. Also, to look at the reverse, at how the new British media may be affecting language. Of course, in all this, language is inevitably interwoven with broader trends and issues. Three main topics provide the cornerstones of the present paper, and these make up the three chapters. Chapter I, Mass-media in Britain, contains subchapters which outline and discuss how British media has evolved and changed in recent years. Chapter II, New alternative British Media models, explores various ways in which British media is realized at the current time, focusing on the representation of particular topics such as Web media so popular nowadays . We will show how these can influence the perceptions of readers or the audience. Chapter III , Future Media in UK- BBC iPlayer, looks at the high-tech level employed by the British Media and analyses its success and downfalls. Each chapter of this paper therefore has a separate main theme. However, in another way, the chapters overlap, in that certain key points recur. Globalization versus fragmentation may be the most noticeable two-way alternative in British media. News reports leap across the globe in seconds, and this has resulted in some similarities in media styles across widely separated geographical regions. In other cases, the reverse has happened, the immensity of the world has led to a tightening of small-scale networks, resulting in some fragmentation, as people try to maintain local ties and their own identity.  [1]   This paper is an attempt to address some fundamental concerns underlying the British media studies. I first outline the academic and theoretical roots of this field. Then I discuss its major disciplinary dimensions and critical issues. The specific aim of this paper is to set out the approximate sequence of development of the present-day set of British mass-media. It is also to indicate major turning points and to tell briefly something of the circumstances of time and place in which different British media acquired their public definitions in the sense of their perceived utility for audiences and their role in society. These definitions have tended to form early in the history of any given medium and to have been subsequently adapted in the light of newer media and changed conditions. This is a continuing process. The paper concludes with some reflections on the two main dimensions of variation between British media: one relates to the degree of freedom and the other to the conditions of use. CHAPTER I. MASS-MEDIA IN BRITAIN I.1. British media-evolution and perspectives The domestic media market in the UK is becoming ever more competitive . In broadcasting, the stable relationship that existed for many years between the BBC, a public corporation funded by a licence fee, and the Independent Television sector, a network of private regional broadcasters funded by advertising revenue, has fragmented, as a consequence of the arrival of satellite and cable companies whose main revenues are derived from subscriptions. Particularly significant is the rise and rise of SKY satellite TV and its multi-channel packages, which is owned by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation. The terrestrial stations themselves have also recently entered the digital market place, with varying success. The BBCs non-subscription Free View service has so far proved moderately successful, delivering more dedicated programming aimed at niche audiences and subject areas. However, ITVs ventures into pay-view digital TV, launched as OnDigital in 1998, proved disastrous, being re-launched and then ending up as ITV digital in 2002 after incurring unsustainable losses.  [2]   The national newspaper market in the UK has always been a crowded one. There are currently nine daily and weekly up-market broadsheet titles and 10 tabloids that are distributed across the UK. This is by far the largest national newspaper press in Europe and has led some to question whether this is sustainable in a market the size of Britain. Long-term decline in readership figures (down 20% since 1990), rising production costs and falling advertising revenues have placed significant financial pressures across the sector, squeezing certain titles to the margins of viability.  [3]   These pressures are also evident at local and regional levels of the British newspaper market and have been exacerbated by the rise of free newspaper titles that are funded entirely by advertising revenue. This intensifying competition has led to a growing concentration in ownership patterns both within and across British media sectors, as smaller outlets are acquired by multi-media corporations whose economies of scale protect them to some degree from market pressures. Today, in the UK, the press is still characterised by a metropolitan focus almost all its national newspapers are published in London, and its diversity, there are 11 national dailies, and 12 Sunday newspapers. Of these, 11 are tabloids, which focus mainly on light news and entertainment, whereas the so-called quality press is more focused on politics, economics and foreign news. Regional and weekly newspapers, paid-for and free, concentrate almost entirely on local issues. Newspapers are free from political control and funded entirely by cover price and advertising. Working practices in newspapers and the broadcast media have been changed dramatically both by the opportunities provided by new technology and by the political and industrial climate created by the Thatcher government of the 1980s and unchanged in the 21st century. In the broadcast industry, de-regulation since the 1990s has both fragmented the audience and, conversely, concentrated ownership. There are about 15 regional commercial television licenses, though ownership is concentrated; hundreds of commercial radio stations, although the sector is characterised by large-groups; and there is also a new wave of community radio stations.  [4]   Television viewers can also access 24-hour news stations such as BBC 24, SKY News and CNN via cable and satellite and web sites complement many, if not most, of the news outlets. The distinctive character of the UK media, metropolitan, historically rooted in an early emancipation from political party control of the press, thoroughly commercial in structure and organisation, yet with a seminal public service broadcasting institution at its core, is unique. News time is time in relation to place: what matters is the fastest news from the most distant or most important place. In the evolving British media landscape, opportunity abounds. The roots of British media studies are traceable in the inquiries about the relationship between media and culture. The early attempts to this direction started during the 1920s following the rise of British mass media forms like radio networks, newspapers and magazines of mass circulation, and after mid 1930s with the advent of television media. The initial studies into British media were influenced by the Eurocentric obsessions on high cultureclaimed by many to be the best that has been said and thought.  [5]  The media of the time were assigned the role of representing that high culture ignoring the world outside Europe and colonies of European powers. The period was marked by widespread British hegemony in media production and circulation with news agencies like Reuters and BBC, which projected the image of media as powerful and influential, media as vehicles of nation-state or class propaganda, media as exemplars of modern technologically sophisticated professionalism. Development of academic media discourse, nevertheless, was remarkably slow during these formative years because it lacked a specific theoretical direction as a result of what Denis MacQuail (2002) calls the absence of a fixed disciplinary base.  [6]   Postmodernism promotes the worldview that the present is the age when identities are determined by whose information is disseminated fastest . It further recognizes the role of mass media in integrating people by reducing boundaries of space and time. It acknowledges the presence of multiple technologies as vehicles creating more spaces and more possibilities of switching across them. According to Carl Eric Rosengren, As new media for communication have been created, the old ones have become specialized, but none have been completely eliminated.This notion fully applies to British medias evolution. More than any other technologies for mass communication, contemporary media allow for a greater quantity of information transmission and retrieval, place more control over both content creation and selection in the hands of their users, and do so with less cost to the average consumer. The Internet serves as the best example and, through digital convergence, will form the backbone of most future mediated communication. The Internet was designed to be decentralized, meaning that control is distributed to all users who have relatively equal opportunity to contribute content. The increased bandwidth of the Internet further enhances users ability to become content producers and to produce material that is fairly sophisticated at low cost. In addition, many of the new technologies in UK are more portable and, therefore, more convenient to use compared with older mass media. These characteristics of the new media are breaking the foundations of our conception of mass communication. Today, media institutions are changing such that mass production is less mass. The explosion of available channels afforded by the new technologies contributes to the demassification of the media by diffusing the audience for any particular media product. This has resulted in channel specialization, and the old model of broadcasting to the masses has given way to market segmentation and targeting to niche audiences.  [7]   Although existing British media institutions are well positioned to adapt to these changing conditions, the fact that the new British media shrink the size of the audience for any particular channel is likely to create opportunities for others. That is, if smaller audiences mean reduced costs of production and distribution, then more content producers will be able to enter the media market. In the near future, the issue may be less about what media companies are doing to people and more about what people are doing with the media.  [8]   This is one reason why we find new media holding great potential as a resource for British press freedom and freedom of expression. They serve as a platform for dialogue across borders and allow for innovative approaches to the distribution and acquisition of knowledge. These qualities are vital to press freedom. But they may be undercut by attempts to regulate and censor both access and content. As follows we will provide in short lines some advantages and less fortunate characteristics of the choice for one media or another, in order to underline the interconnectedness among all of the media in shaping the large picture of the British media diversity. The book medium Technology of movable type Bound pages, codex form Multiple copies Commodity form Multiple (secular) content Individual in use Claim to freedom of publication Individual authorship The newspaper medium Regular and frequent appearance Commodity form Reference to current events Public sphere functions Urban, secular audience Relative freedom The film medium Audiovisual technology From public performance to private experience Extensive (universal) appeal Predominantly narrative fiction More international than national in character Subjection to social control From mass to multiple markets Television Very large output, range and reach Audiovisual content Complex technology and organization Public character and extensive regulation National and international character Very diverse content forms Radio Flexible and economical production Flexible in use Multiple contents Relative freedom Individualized use Participant potential Recorded music (phonogram) media Multiple technologies of recording and dissemination Low degree of regulation High degree of internationalization Younger audience Subversive potential Organizational fragmentation Diversity of reception possibilities The Internet as a medium Computer-based technologies Hybrid, non-dedicated, flexible character Interactive potential Private and public functions Low degree of regulation Interconnectedness Ubiquity and delocatedness Accessible to individuals as communicators  [9]   I.2. British newspapers , broadcast media and new age media British Broadcast television   is going through a period of change with increasing digitilisation and interactive media cooperation. The biggest broadcast TV stations remain the BBC and SkyTV but these are supplemented by 250 cable and satellite TV stations and 1,100 independent television production companies.  [10]   This is a rapidly growing sector with cable and satellite and independent companies doubling in the period 2000-2008. This is a broad profession where 34% are freelance and people are judged by the quality of their work rather than their formal qualifications. Despite this, 70% have at least an undergraduate degree. British Radio the airwaves are dominated by the BBC , which has 12 distinct radio channels. Interactive media comprises collection of areas including web and internet, offline multimedia, electronic games and interactive TV. Game design the UK has one of the largest gaming industries. 48 of the worlds most profitable studios are based in the UK. The industry has been growing to7.5% from 2009-2012. Some of the main Bristish Media organisations: the British Media Industry Group ,Cable Communications Association , ITV Network Centre, National Association of Press Agencies . Some of the major industry bodies: Commonwealth Press Union, Institute of Local Television, Radio Joint Audience Research. The major occupational/professional groups: Association of British Editors, British Society of Magazine Editors. The main trade unions: Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union. The UK Television The five national networks (excluding satellite) Cable and digital Five national networks in the UK. The main British TV channels are: BBC 1 since 1936, general interest programmes. BBC 2 minority and specialist interests. ITV broadcasting is approximately 33% informative and 66% light entertainment. Channel 4 since 1982, 15% educational programmes, encourages innovation and experiment. Television viewing in Britain- overview The most popular leisure pasttime Average viewing time is over 25 hours a week TV productions continue to win international awards Half of the programmes are bought abroad Childrens TV has been very active( Blue Peter on BBC 1) Youth TV has been started recently Presentation of the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) Six national stations. Broadcasts: BBC 1, 2, 4, BBC News 24, BBC Choice, BBC Parliament. Radio Channels. No advertising. Worldwide television services (BBC World, BBC Prime) The division of programmes Light entertainment (variety shows, soap operas, situation comedies, game shows) News/current affairs Documentaries  [11]   Childrens TV Music Sport Films/TV movies Drama/plays British favourite TV shows Are you being served? Bless me father Fawlty Towers Mulberry Yes, Prime Minister Blackadder Chef Holmes The brief history of British radio  [12]   1922: BBC started daily broadcasting on 2LO on 14 Nov. The first voice was Arthur Burrows, reading the news. 1922: 15 Nov: 5IT and 2ZY became first BBC stations outside London. 1967: On 30th September, BBC radio reorganisation launched Radios 1,2,3 and 4. 1967: Third Programme andNational Programme replaced 2LO. The Regional Programme, an alternative service, started later this year. 1973: Birth of independent (commercial) radio, with LBC and Capital Radio in London. 1988: First commercial station split frequencies. 1990: IBA split into ITC 1991: Radio 1 goes 24 hours on 1 May. 1992: Launch of Classic FM, Britains first national commercial radio station. 1993: Launch of Virgin 1215. 1995: Talk Radio began broadcasting on 14 Feb. 1996: New rules on cross-media ownership heralds further change in the radio industry. The most popular British radio stations are  [13]  : Clare FM Anna Livia Live 95 Welsh Radio International Imperial College radio Capital FM BBC Radio 2

Ethics and Utilitarianism Essay

What is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is an ethical framework for effective moral action. It’s a philosophical concept that holds an action to be held right if it tends to promote happiness for the greatest number of people. The essence of utilitarianism is in its concept of pleasure and pain. It defines the morally right actions as those actions that maximize pleasure or happiness and minimize pain or evil. Utilitarianism is all about making the right choices that will consequently promote the greatest amount of happiness. It can be traced all the way back to the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, but the name most frequently associated with utilitarianism is that of Jeremy Bentham. According to utilitarianism, we should evaluate an action by looking at is consequences, weighing the good effects against the bad effects on all the people affected by it. If the good outweighs the bad, it tends to be a good action; if the bad outweigh the good, it tends to be a bad action. (DeGeorge 45) Ethical principles and theories are the foundations of ethical analysis because bring significant characteristics to the decision-making process. Every single theory shows different points such as predicting the outcome and following one’s duties to others in order to reach an ethical decision. But an ethical theory can only to be useful if the theory is directed towards a common set of goals. Ethical principles are the common goals that each theory tries to achieve in order to be successful. These goals include beneficence, least harm, respect for autonomy and justice. Using utilitarianism in ethical business practice would consider the good and bad consequence for everyone the action would affect, treat everybody as having equal rights, with no bias towards self, and would use it as an objective, quantitative way to make a moral decision. Utilitarianism should be employed in all business decision-making process to maximize effects and minimize negative outcomes. Businesses seek to make a profit. The cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. Most business often use cost-benefit as a decision making tool. Companies attempt to find out how much something is going to cost them before taking any actions that should result in consequences favorable to everyone involved. Just simply put, the company could make a profit while the consumer benefit from the product. To understand the definitions and concepts of the theory, in relation to business ethics, I will use the Ford Pinto Case as an example. The Ford Pinto was sold with dangerous design faults in the fuel tank in which management knew the problem existed. (bizcovering) In a roll over, the fuel valve had a tendency to leak fuel. That did not stop design and production, they rushed to assemble the vehicle and costs were kept low in order to sell the auto for $2,000. It was successful, until one year four people died and one little boy horribly burned and disfigured. Then there were many other incidents that resulted in Ford being sued and had to pay millions in compensation. The cost-benefit analysis demonstrated an abuse of utilitarian principles to suit their needs, because the engineers were aware of the flaws, yet the company continued to sell the car without safety modifications. Utilitarianism, far from being a self-serving approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. This philosophy is based on the belief that the moral and ethical value of one’s action should be judged by the consequence of such action. But utilitarianism states that the morality of an action is best judged by the utility or usefulness of such an action. During the 1980’s, Oliver North had to explain why he lied to congressional committees about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, the sale of U. S. arms to Iran for the release of hostages that were held by Iran, he replied, â€Å"Lying does not come easily to me. But we all had to weigh in the balance the difference between lies and lives. North’s conduct was an example of utilitarianism, his method of justifying his acts of deception is a form of moral reasoning. So long as a course of action produces maximum benefits for everyone, utilitarianism does not care whether the benefits are produced by lies, manipulation, or coercion. Utilitarianism was once a radical philosophy. It attempted to set forth a moral system apart from divine revelation and biblical morality. Utilitarianism focused on results rather than rules. But now has been embraced by so many simply because it seems to make a good deal of sense and seems relatively simple to apply. It provided for a way for people to live moral lives apart from the Bible and its rules. Logic rather than obedience to biblical principles guides the ethical decision-making of utilitarianism. While Jeremy Bentham developed his ethical system around the idea of pleasure and built it on ancient hedonism which pursued physical pleasure and avoided physical pain; John Stuart Mill modified this philosophy and developed it apart from Bentham’s hedonistic foundation. Mill used the same utilitarian calculus but instead focused on maximizing the general happiness by calculating the greatest good for the greatest number. Whereas Bentham established act utilitarianism, Mill established rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarian holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its details, is what should be to the utilitarian test. (DeGeorge 47) Rule utilitarian holds that utility applies appropriately t classes of actions rant than to given individual actions. (DeGeorge 48) According to Mill, one determines what is right by comparing the consequences of all relevant factors of diffeerent rules for a specific circumstance. In conclusion, utilitarianism is all about making the right choices that will consequently promote the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Work Cited DeGeorge, Richard T. Business Ethics. 7th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 2010 â€Å"Applying Utilitarianism to Business Ethics: The Ford Pinto Case. † Annie Lundy February 6, 2009 â€Å"Utilitarianism. † utilitarianism. com. Henry R. West. n. d. â€Å"Calculating Consequences: The Utilitarian Approach to Ethics. † Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez. n. d.